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# The Phage

Your hub for bacteriophage (phage) research and community: news, events, career opportunities, protocols, and expert insights.

## Sitemaps

- [XML Sitemap](https://www.thephage.xyz/sitemap.xml): Contains all public & indexable URLs for this website.

## Posts

- [Can Bacteriophages Help Prevent Lupus Flares? Exploring a New Frontier in Microbiome Research](https://www.thephage.xyz/2026/07/01/can-bacteriophages-help-prevent-lupus-flares-exploring-a-new-frontier-in-microbiome-research/) - Could bacteriophages one day help reduce lupus flares by targeting harmful gut bacteria? Explore this emerging research and its future potential.
- [How Many Viruses Does a Healthy Human Body Have? (Spoiler: It’s not zero)](https://www.thephage.xyz/2026/06/19/how-many-viruses-does-a-healthy-human-body-have-spoiler-its-not-zero/) - The human virome is a massive ecosystem of trillions of resident viruses that live inside us and are essential for maintaining our overall health and survival
- [Is Studying Viromics Worth the Effort?](https://www.thephage.xyz/2026/02/22/viromics/) - By studying viruses as communities rather than in isolation, viromics is changing how we understand bacteriophages and their role in nature. Read more...
- [Interview with Dr. Ryan Cook: Exploring Viral Ecology and Human–Phage Interactions](https://www.thephage.xyz/2026/06/05/dr-ryan-cook-exploring-viral-ecology/) - Dr Cook shares insights into viral ecology, the gut virome, and emerging research exploring potential interactions between bacteriophages and human cells.
- [Phage cocktail cuts fire blight, without disrupting the flower microbiome](https://www.thephage.xyz/2026/02/22/phage-cocktail-cuts-fire-blight-without-disrupting-the-flower-microbiome/) - A new study tested whether bacteriophages can control fire blight without harming the natural microbial community living on flowers
- [Phagebiotics: Are Viruses the Next Gut Health Supplement?](https://www.thephage.xyz/2026/02/17/phagebiotics-viruses-gut-health-supplement/) - In the near future, we may see vitamin-like supplements based on phages, or formulations that combine bacteriophages, vitamins and beneficial bacteria.
- [Phagebiotics: A New Way of Thinking About Gut Health](https://www.thephage.xyz/2026/02/17/phagebiotics/) - The idea of phagebiotics comes from a simple shift in how we think about bacteriophages. Instead of viewing them only as tools to kill harmful bacteria during infection, phagebiotics consider phages as part of the normal microbial community that helps keep the gut ecosystem stable and healthy. For years, gut health strategies have focused mainly
- [Superinfection exclusion](https://www.thephage.xyz/2026/02/17/superinfection-exclusion/) - One of the less talked-about but very interesting roles of bacteriophages is a process known as superinfection exclusion. This happens when a bacterium that already carries a phage becomes protected against infection by other, closely related phages. In simple terms, once a phage has made a bacterium its home, it can block the door to
- [How to Succeed in Applying for a Phage-Related PhD (From Someone Who’s Been There)](https://www.thephage.xyz/2026/02/06/how-to-succeed-in-applying-for-a-phage-related-phd-from-someone-whos-been-there/) - If you’re looking for a PhD working on phage biology, phage therapy, phage–host interactions, viromes, e.t.c this guide is for you.
- [The structure, packaging and ejection of bacteriophage genome](https://www.thephage.xyz/2021/12/24/the-structure-packaging-and-ejection-of-bacteriophage-genome/) - Bacteriophages consist of a protein coat that surrounds/protects their genomes; the arrangement of the genome inside this coat has been proposed by several researchers. Like any other virus, bacteriophages compose of either Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or Ribonucleic acid (RNA) on their genomes but not both, which may encode for less than ten (MS2 bacteriophage genome
- [DendriPep: Innovative macromolecules that stabilize bacteriophages as a medicine](https://www.thephage.xyz/2022/01/16/dendripep-innovative-macromolecules-that-stabilize-bacteriophages-as-a-medicine/) - Dendrimers, when combined with short chains of amino acids, or peptides, can envelop nanoparticles and maintain their stability in various conditions
- [Can the Bacteriophage Mutants be the Next Generation Carriers for Conjugate Vaccines?](https://www.thephage.xyz/2022/02/26/can-the-bacteriophage-mutants-be-the-next-generation-carriers-for-conjugate-vaccines/) - Passing through several waves of the deadly pandemic brought the human race into consideration of doing extensive research on vaccines. It is no doubt that they are very crucial components in controlling and eradicating disease outbreak. Different technologies have so far been developed to manufacture and administer these substances to the human body. Vaccines work
- [The adventure of bacteriophage adsorption to the bacteria and the brownian motion](https://www.thephage.xyz/2021/10/02/the-adventure-of-bacteriophage-adsorption-to-the-bacteria-and-the-brownian-motion/) - How do phages adsorb to bacteria?Did you know that phage adsorption to bacterial cells involves Brownian motion?If no, then you are just a second to the answer.Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacterial cells as their hosts in a highly efficient manner that makes them an antibiotic alternative. A successful phage infection involves several stages, with adsorption
- [Review: Can phages have a third life cycle?](https://www.thephage.xyz/2021/09/23/review-can-phages-have-a-third-life-cycle/) - Have you ever heard of bacteriophages (phages)? If yes, then what about Pseudolysogeny? The two words are in one way or the other interconnected though the latter is experienced through the former. Phages are referred to as viruses that are naturally enemies to bacteria. Phages are abundant in the environment with their number far more
- [Problems of electron microscopy (TEM) for bacteriophages](https://www.thephage.xyz/2021/06/09/problems-of-electron-microscopy-tem-for-bacteriophages/) - Transmission electron microscopy historyTransmission electron microscopeElectron microscopy has always had problems with imaging and interpretation, but the rise of digital electron microscopy and CCD cameras in the 1990s created a novel situation. In a general way, it appears that the quality of phage electron microscopy (read more about phages here) has slipped and that many
- [Preparation of Tris-Cl](https://www.thephage.xyz/2021/03/08/preparation-of-tris-cl/) - Tris baseHClTo prepare a 1 M solution, dissolve 121.1 g of Tris base in 800 mL of H2O. Adjust the pH to the desired value by adding concentrated HCl.pHHCl7.470 mL7.660 mL8.042 mLAllow the solution to cool to room temperature before making final adjustments to the pH. Adjust the volume of the solution to 1 L
- [Bioluminescence-based Reporter Bacteriophages: New Technology for Monitoring Microbes and Diseases](https://www.thephage.xyz/2022/03/26/bioluminescence-based-reporter-bacteriophages-new-technology-for-monitoring-microbes-and-diseases/) - Bacteria and bacteriophage. Photo by Oxford (Article by Pete Wilton)In recent years, the development of bioluminescence-based reporter bacteriophages has revolutionized the monitoring of microbes and their diseases. These reporter bacteriophages are genetically engineered to carry a gene that will be integrated into the host genome which will at one point reflect the fluorescence signals. Bioluminescence reporter
- [Phage Display technology and it's Application](https://www.thephage.xyz/2022/03/29/phage-display-and-its-application/) - This article will delve into explaining all the concepts behind phage display technonllogy including the discovery and application
- [What Causes Phage Plaque Halo?](https://www.thephage.xyz/2022/04/09/what-causes-phage-plaque-halo/) - What is plaque halo? Plaque halo refers to the partial-turbid clearance surrounding the original phage-induced clearance of the bacterial lawn. Not every phage infection can cause the formation of plaque haloes. According to research, the halo around phage plaques appears due to bacterial polysaccharide capsule reduction or disappearance. Within the halo, the concentration of viable
- [How are bacteriophages (phages) produced?](https://www.thephage.xyz/2022/04/12/how-are-bacteriophages-phages-produced/) - Three types of phages are used to prepare diluted solutions in a French hospital (ROMAIN LAFABREGUE / AFP / Getty)How are phage products produced?Bacteriophage, as a virus, requires a host cell to multiply; specifically, these particles will require a specific bacteria to support their multiplication. In artificial production, scientists use the same method simply by
- [Best places to find phages (bacteriophages)](https://www.thephage.xyz/2022/04/12/best-places-to-find-phages-bacteriophages/) - The phrase "Bacteria are everywhere" is commonly used to describe the prevalence of bacteria in our environment. Some people believe they are the most common organisms on the planet. Despite this, it is estimated that there are more than 1031 bacteriophages in the world, which is more than any other organism on Earth, including bacteria. Therefore
- [Are Bacteriophages (Phages) DNA Or RNA Viruses?](https://www.thephage.xyz/2022/05/11/are-bacteriophages-phages-dna-or-rna-viruses/) - DNA and RNA. Credit Gabriela SlizewskaA bacteriophage, also known as a phage, is a virus that infects and replicates within bacteria and archaea. Like any other viruses, they are made up of nucleic acids encased in a protein coat (capsid). Although morphological appearance is one of the characteristics used to classify phages (Phage morphologies), evolving
- [Game Theory between Bacteriophages and Pathogens](https://www.thephage.xyz/2022/05/19/game-theory-between-bacteriophages-and-pathogens/) - Researchers discovered that, just like humans, bacteriophages (or phages) can weigh the benefits of all options before making an informed decision
- [Inoviridae (Filamentous phages): Bacteriophages with a unique replication cycle](https://www.thephage.xyz/2022/07/03/inoviridae-filamentous-phages-bacteriophages-with-a-unique-replication-cycle/) - Bacteriophage is a term used to describe viruses that infect bacteria and archaea. While most phages are 'micro predators' that kill their bacterial hosts, filamentous phages collaborate with their hosts. These viruses are even simpler than the T-phage studied by the phage group, owing to their ease of manipulating their genetic contents. Filamentous phages have
- [Top 4 most used Phage Display Systems (The Phage blog)](https://www.thephage.xyz/2022/07/04/top-4-most-used-phage-display-systems-the-phage-blog/) - The most often utilized bacteriophages in phage display are filamentous bacteriophages from E. coli (f1, fd, and M13), while T4, T7, and phage have also been used. On this page (Application of phage display), you may read more about the many uses of this technology.Electron microscopy of filamentous bacteriophage. Credit: Petrenko, 2018 1. E.coli filamentous bacteriophages (f1, fd,
- [Is a bacteriophage living or non-living entity?](https://www.thephage.xyz/2023/01/07/is-a-bacteriophage-living-or-non-living-entity/) - Bacteriophages are tiny particles with perplexing characteristics that make it difficult to determine whether they are living or not.
- [Halteria: The first known virus-eating organisms](https://www.thephage.xyz/2023/01/04/halteria-the-first-known-virus-eating-organisms/) - In the microscopic world, some bacteria have been observed to feed on other bacteria, and viruses have been observed to infect bacteria. But for a long time, humans have been concerned about what will eat the seemingly invincible microscopic particles that have been attacking the entire food chain. Now it's known that viruses, which are
- [Research: Antibiotics Can Alter the Infectivity of Bacteriophages](https://www.thephage.xyz/2023/01/23/research-antibiotics-that-disrupt-translation-can-lessen-phage-infectivity/) - Learn how acteriostatic antibiotics impact the infectivity of bacteriophages by targeting protein translation machinery in bacteria
- [Scientists Uncover the Mechanism: Bacterial Protein Revealed to be Key Player in Phage Infection and Resistance](https://www.thephage.xyz/2023/03/10/researchers-discover-how-to-overcome-phage-resistance/) - Researchers at the University of Pittsburgh have made a breakthrough discovery in understanding phage infection and resistance.
- [Mammalian cells turn bacteriophages into a vital food source for improved growth and survival](https://www.thephage.xyz/2023/03/14/mammalian-cells-turn-bacteriophages-into-food-source/) - Scientists in Australia and Canada discovered that mammalian cells utilize bacteriophages as a food source to enhance their growth and survival.
- [Breakthrough in Genetic Medicine: Scientists Develop New Artificial Viral Vectors for Targeted Gene Delivery](https://www.thephage.xyz/2023/06/02/new-artificial-viral-vectors-for-targeted-gene-delivery/) - A Promising Breakthrough: Using the Artificial T4 Virus Structure to Develop New AVVs for Effective Gene Delivery in Therapy
- [Phagemids: Phage plasmid hybrid vector](https://www.thephage.xyz/2022/08/12/phagemids-phage-plasmid-hybrid-vector/) - Due to its development as a hybrid of filamentous phage and plasmids, a phagemid is a cloning vector that can grow as a plasmid and be packaged as single-stranded DNA in viral proteins. Phagemid vectors differ from commonly used plasmids in that they can be loaded into the capsid of phages because they contain a phage
- [bacteriophage vs prophage: What is a difference?](https://www.thephage.xyz/2022/11/22/bacteriophage-vs-prophage-what-is-a-difference/) - The primary distinction between prophage and bacteriophage is that prophage is a viral genome that has been integrated into a bacterial genome, whereas bacteriophage is the actual virus that infects the bacteria. Prophages are also bacteriophages that go through the lysogenic cycle by integrating their genome into the bacterial genome. Bacteriophages can transform into prophages after
- [The Lytic and Lysogenic Cycles of the Bacteriophage](https://www.thephage.xyz/2023/01/07/the-lytic-and-lysogenic-cycles-of-bacteriophages/) - Bacteriophage has one of the more well-studied virus life cycles. They exhibit two kinds of life cycles, which are lytic and lysogenic
- [Phage Visualization Under Microscope: The Types, Techniques, and Importance](https://www.thephage.xyz/2023/01/27/bacteriophage-visualization-under-microscope/) - We will look at the different types of microscopes that can be used for phage visualization, the techniques employed, and the importance of studying phages.
- [Preparation of SM Buffer with gelatin (lambda diluent)](https://www.thephage.xyz/2023/02/05/preparation-of-sm-buffer-with-gelatin-lambda-diluent/) - Learn how to prepare SM buffer with gelatin used for cell lysis, protein extraction, and stabilizing cell suspensions. calculator and ingredients included.
- [Phage Hunting: OnePetri Transforms Workflow with AI Tech](https://www.thephage.xyz/2023/02/06/phage-hunting-with-onepetri/) - Discover the impact of artificial intelligence on phage research with OnePetri. This app is revolutionizing phage hunting by speeding up the workflow process
- [Unlocking the Secrets of Phages: Revolutionizing Biotechnology with New Structural Insights](https://www.thephage.xyz/2023/05/17/filamentous-phages-new-structural-insights/) - In a groundbreaking collaboration, researchers have achieved a significant milestone by unraveling the enigmatic structure of a widely utilized form of phage.
- [What is the Bacteriophage: An In-depth Exploration of Nature's Viral Assassins](https://www.thephage.xyz/2023/05/30/what-is-the-bacteriophage/) - In this article, we will delv deep into the world of phages, and explore their structure, life cycle, and potential applications in medicine and beyond.
- [Virulent Phage: Nature's Ultimate Bacteria Assassin](https://www.thephage.xyz/2023/06/11/virulent-phages/) - Virulent phages are nature's potent bacterial assassins, finely tuned through co-evolution to become efficient and precise killers. Explore further
- [Ibadan Bacteriophage Research Team (IBRT): Empowering Young Generation of African Phage Researchers](https://www.thephage.xyz/2023/07/28/ibadan-bacteriophage-research-team-ibrt-african-phage-research/) - The Ibadan Bacteriophage Research Team exemplifies the untapped potential of African researchers in emerging technologies. Read about this amazing research team
- [Transduction: Understanding Generalized and Specialized Mechanisms](https://www.thephage.xyz/2023/08/03/transduction-generalized-and-specialized/) - Here’s how it all happens at a molecular level: When a bacteriophage infects a bacterial cell, it injects its own genetic material into the cell.
- [The Lytic Cycle Of Bacteriophage Infection Ends With The _____.](https://www.thephage.xyz/2023/08/06/the-lytic-cycle-of-bacteriophage-infection-ends-with-the-_____/) - The lytic cycle of bacteriophage infection ends with the "rupture of the bacterium." During the lytic cycle, the newly replicated bacteriophages assemble.......
- [Identify Each Step In The Bacteriophage Replication Cycle](https://www.thephage.xyz/2023/08/06/identify-each-step-in-the-bacteriophage-replication-cycle/) - Bacteriophages attach to host bacteria and inject their genetic material into the cell. They then degrade the bacterial DNA to prevent interference ............
- [Engineered phages: The future of bioremediation?](https://www.thephage.xyz/2023/11/25/engineered-phages-bioremediation/) - A recent study has unveiled a groundbreaking approach that may be the future of environmental remediation using genetically modified bacteriophages.
- [A Rapid Bacteriophage-Based Test for Timely Detection of UTIs](https://www.thephage.xyz/2023/08/05/a-rapid-bacteriophage-based-test-for-timely-detection-of-utis/) - The researchers successfully developed a phage-based test capable of pinpointing the bacteria responsible for the infection within a matter of hours.
- [Phage-Powered Evolution Unleashes Compact and Mighty Prime Editors](https://www.thephage.xyz/2023/09/03/phage-powered-evolution/) - Researchers at MIT and Harvard have harnessed the power of phages and protein engineering to create prime editors that are effective and compact
- [Phage Facilitates Nitrogen Metabolism in Newly Discovered Deep-sea Bacteria](https://www.thephage.xyz/2023/09/05/phage-facilitates-nitrogen-metabolism-in-newly-discovered-deep-sea-bacteria/) - This discovery shows how these viruses can change how bacteria work and provides new insights into the relationships between deep-sea bacteria and viruses
- [The Deepest Known Isolated Phage: A  Virus from the Mariana Trench](https://www.thephage.xyz/2023/09/26/the-deepest-known-isolated-phage-a-virus-from-the-mariana-trench/) - novel virus has been found in the abyssal depths of the Mariana Trench. This virus, known by its scientific identifier vB_HmeY_H4907, has ignited curiosity
- [Discovery: A virus that attaches to another virus](https://www.thephage.xyz/2023/11/03/satellite-viruses/) - Satellite viruses attaching themselves to helper viruses is a unique revelation that sheds new light on the intricate relationships that exist in viral world.
- [Increased Temperature Facilitates Rapid Genome Ejection in Phages](https://www.thephage.xyz/2023/11/08/increased-temperature-facilitates-rapid-genome-ejection-in-phages/) - This investigation delves into a critical aspect of phage replication: The dynamics caused by temperature change on genome release during infection.
- [Study Unveils Viral Resilience Against Bacterial Restriction and Modification Mechanisms](https://www.thephage.xyz/2023/12/12/study-unveils-viral-resilience-against-bacterial-restriction-and-modification-mechanisms/) - The researchers undertook a comprehensive genomic and proteomic analysis of BF23, unravelling its interactions with bacterial immune systems.
- [Discovery: A virus capable of producing electricity](https://www.thephage.xyz/2023/12/22/discovery-a-virus-capable-of-producing-electricity/) - Scientists from the University of California describe the fascinating property of pyroelectricity that a bioengineered virus exhibits in the presence of heat.
- [Study: Phage Found to Target Dormant Bacteria](https://www.thephage.xyz/2024/01/20/study-phage-found-to-target-dormant-bacteria/) - In a groundbreaking study, researchers at ETH Zurich have uncovered a potential game-changer in the ongoing battle against antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
- [Rapid Tracking and Identifying Phages through Barcoding](https://www.thephage.xyz/2024/01/24/rapid-tracking-and-identifying-phages-through-barcoding/) - This research introduces an innovative method to swiftly label and characterize bacteriophages using the acclaimed CRISPR gene-editing technology
- [The Toilet's Secret: Phages Reveals How Flushing Spreads Viruses](https://www.thephage.xyz/2024/01/27/the-toilets-secret-phages-reveals-how-flushing-spreads-viruses/) - The findings of the study showed that even with the lid closed, viral contamination of restroom surfaces remained prevalent after flushing.
- [Bacteriophages in the Detection of Alzheimer's Disease in Brain Tissue](https://www.thephage.xyz/2024/01/31/bacteriophages-in-the-detection-of-alzheimers-disease-in-brain-tissue/) - A team of researchers from the Universities of Minho, Amsterdam, and Lisbon engineered the M13 phage to identify Alzheimer's Disease markers in brain tissue
- [Scientists Used mRNA Technology to Express Phage-Endolysin in Human Cells](https://www.thephage.xyz/2024/02/13/scientists-used-mrna-technology-to-express-phage-endolysin-in-human-cells/) - The study demonstrates the successful delivery of mRNA encoding the Cpl-1 phage-lysin into human cells, resulting in potent activity against S. pneumoniae.
- [Novel phage endolysin found effective against  MDR Acinetobacter baumanii](https://www.thephage.xyz/2024/04/03/novel-phage-endolysin-found-effective-against-mdr-acinetobacter-baumanii/) - In this study, a recombinant protein from a novel bacteriophage T1245 with endolysin gene LysAB1245 was constructed. and was tested against MDR Acinetobacter
- [Discovery: Bacteriophages Turn Bacteria into 'Zombie' Cells](https://www.thephage.xyz/2024/05/22/discovery-bacteriophages-turn-bacteria-into-zombie-cells/) - Researchers discovered a novel phages-bacteria interaction, leading to the emergence of what they termed "zombie cells," making up to 10% of all sea cells.
- [Bacterial Antiviral immune system alters tails of phages](https://www.thephage.xyz/2024/10/07/bacterial-antiviral-immune-system-alters-tails-of-phages/) - In their study, scientists examined the bacterial immune system and discovered a mechanism by which bacteria attach minute proteins to the tails of phages.
- [Phage-Infected Cyanobacteria Emit Chemical Signals That Attract Marine Life](https://www.thephage.xyz/2024/11/22/phage-cyanobacteria-chemical-marine/) - This research reveals that viruses don’t just destroy—they actively influence how marine ecosystems function long before the final stages of infection.
- [Synergistic Effect of Plasma-Activated Water and Phages Against Proteus mirabilis Biofilms: An Experimental Study](https://www.thephage.xyz/2024/12/31/plasma-activated-water-phages-bio-films/) - This combination of phages and plasma-activated water was used together on biofilms in artificial urine, there was a large reduction in bacteria after 24 hours.
- [Enveloped vs Non-Enveloped Viruses: Key Differences, Structure & Examples](https://www.thephage.xyz/2025/06/29/enveloped-vs-non-enveloped-virus/) - Learn the differences between enveloped and naked viruses, with examples like HIV & phages. Understand the impact of structure, virulence, and disinfection.
- [Polymer Nanocoating of Bacteria Enhances Phage Efficacy Against Infections](https://www.thephage.xyz/2025/03/08/polymer-nanocoating-of-bacteria-enhances-phage-efficacy-against-infections/) - Each phage-infected bacterium is encased in a polymer nanocoating that preserves the phages' microenvironment, shielding them from external stressors.
- [Phage-Curcumin combination shows synergistic effects against multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumanii](https://www.thephage.xyz/2025/03/15/phage-curcumin-combination-shows-synergistic-effects-against-multi-drug-resistant-acinetobacter-baumanii/) - From the ancient times, turmeric has gained its notoriety as an effective antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant spice. The yellow compound, curcumin, isolated from rhizomes of Curcuma longa (turmeric) has proven itself as an effective pharmacological compound even against cancer. Recently, WHO has published a priority pathogens list for R&D of new antibiotics, in which carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter
- [Jumbo phages forms vesicle around their genetic material, researchers discover](https://www.thephage.xyz/2025/04/07/jumbo-phages-forms-vesicle-around-their-genetic-material-researchers-discover/) - When infected with phages, bacteria exhibit defence mechanisms against phages. Scientists have now discovered "jumbo phages" that "cloak" their genetic material in order to evade these bacterial defense mechanisms. A recent study published in the journal Cell Host & Microbe describes the first-of-its-kind discovery of a type of membrane-bound sac, or vesicle, used by jumbo phages of the
- [Cryo Electron Microscopy reveals visualisation of phages in detail](https://www.thephage.xyz/2025/04/19/cryo-electron-microscopy-reveals-visualisation-of-phages-in-detail/) - Phage research is advancing with the progression in technologies and instrumentation. With all these come new insights into phage structure beyond what already exists. Recently, in the Journal Cell, researchers from the University of Pittsburgh published various insightful images showcasing the capsid structure in more detail using cryo-electron microscopy(Cryo-EM). Researchers utilized the mycobacteriophage Bxb1, a
- [AI-Designed Phage Genomes Show Promise Against Antibiotic Resistance](https://www.thephage.xyz/2025/09/21/ai-designed-phage-genomes-show-promise-against-antibiotic-resistance/) - Evo 1 and Evo 2 are the largest publicly available AI models for biology to date, released by Arc Institute in collaboration with Nvidia.
- [How Phages Are Teaching Us to Build Smarter Cancer Drugs](https://www.thephage.xyz/2025/10/09/how-phages-are-teaching-us-to-build-smarter-cancer-drugs/) - Scientists' groundbreaking system to find and design such ultra-precise molecules, and it all starts with a virus that naturally infects bacteria.
- [Audmula to Fight Against Phages](https://www.thephage.xyz/2025/10/15/audmula-to-fight-against-phages/) - The study reveals the complex interplay between bacterial defense and viral counter-strategy in dairy farms. Phages can be detrimental in dairy production
- [How Scientists Isolate Phages for Highly Pathogenic Bacteria](https://www.thephage.xyz/2026/01/04/how-scientists-isolate-phages-for-highly-pathogenic-bacteria/) - Read how scientists minimise risk in phage research by avoiding direct culturing of dangerous pathogens and using safer, strategic alternatives.
- [Which kind of lab is supposed to handle bacteriophages?](https://www.thephage.xyz/2021/06/17/which-kind-of-lab-is-supposed-to-handle-bacteriophages/) - Which laboratory can handle which bacteriophage depends on the host used instead of the phage managed; therefore, the determinant is bacteria and not the virus
- [Engineered Phage T4 Nanoparticles Wake Up Latent HIV—Without a Cytokine Storm](https://www.thephage.xyz/2026/01/04/engineered-phage-t4-nanoparticles-latent-hiv-cytokine-storm/) - A recent study engineered phage T4 into a CD4-targeted nanoparticle that reactivated latent HIV in cell models, while avoiding global T cell activation
- [Exploring Phage T4: The Most Popular Virus of Microbes](https://www.thephage.xyz/2022/12/30/exploring-phage-t4-the-most-popular-virus-of-microbes/) - Phage T4 is one of the best-studied viruses. This article will look at the structure, life cycle, and applications of T4 phages in research and medicine.
- [preparation of Gelatin solution, 2%](https://www.thephage.xyz/2021/03/08/preparation-of-gelatin-solution-2/) - Gelatin solution, 2% To prepare a 2% (w/v) solution: Add 2 g of gelatin to a total volume of 100 ml of H2O and autoclave the solution for 15 minutes at 15 psi (1.05 kg/cm 2) on liquid cycle. Gelatin can be used to prepare SM Buffer
- [Common Laboratory Demonstrations Used to Explain the Principle of Phage Typing](https://www.thephage.xyz/2025/12/25/common-laboratory-demonstrations-used-to-explain-the-principle-of-phage-typing/) - This article explains the principle of phage typing and describes how a simple lab demo—based on plaque patterns on bacterial lawns illustrates this concept
- [How to make an outstanding media (agar) plate](https://www.thephage.xyz/2021/06/05/how-to-make-an-outstanding-media-agar-plate/) - Whether they contain TSA, MHA, LB, M9, or any other medium, making agar plates is a simple procedure. But there are a few finer points that will kill your experiment, make a mess, or just cause you inconvenience if you get them wrong. So let's put on the record exactly how to make the perfect
- [Decoding the Secrets of Gut Viruses Using CRISPR Technology](https://www.thephage.xyz/2025/12/14/gut-viruses-crispr/) - Gut phages shape bacteria, stability, and health. CRISPR tools help target microbes precisely, enabling promising personalized gut therapies.
- [Jumbo phage chimallin (ChmA) protein: The answer to CRISPR-Cas bacterial defense system?](https://www.thephage.xyz/2022/08/19/jumbo-phage-chimallin-chma-protein-the-answer-to-crispr-cas-bacterial-defense-system/) - Loughlin et, 2020Jumbo phages are bacteriophages (phages) with genetic information (genomes) larger than 200 kilobases. These phages are known as "jumbo" because they have a huge genome size. In addition, they exhibit several novel characteristics not seen in smaller genome phages, which distinguish jumbo phages in aspects of genome and virion structure, progeny propagation, and
- [Revolutionizing Infection Treatment: SNIPR Biome's CRISPR-armed Phage Therapy Targets Antibiotic-Resistant E. Coli in Gut](https://www.thephage.xyz/2023/05/13/revolutionizing-infection-treatment-snipr-biomes-crispr-armed-phage-therapy-targets-antibiotic-resistant-e-coli-in-gut/) - SNIPR001, a revolutionary CRISPR-armed phage therapeutic designed to specifically target and remove E. coli, including antibiotic-resistant strains, in the GIT.
- [CRISPR-based Phage Therapy Shines in the First Human Trial](https://www.thephage.xyz/2023/06/01/crispr-based-phage-therapy-first-human-trial/) - SNIPR Biome, a Danish microbiome technology company, has unveiled promising results from the initial phase of their groundbreaking CRISPR-based phage therapy targeting Escherichia coli in the gastrointestinal tract. Imagine a team of microscopic superheroes armed with advanced DNA editing technology. That's SNIPR001, a powerful blend of four bacteriophages (tiny viruses that specialize in obliterating bacteria)
- [CRISPR: Promising cure for HIV](https://www.thephage.xyz/2024/03/20/crispr-promising-cure-for-hiv/) - Carrillo and her team have reported remarkable progress in their experiments, their work is still in the preliminary stages, serving as proof of concept
- [Discovery: Dual Functionality of Phage Anti-CRISPR Protein Unveiled](https://www.thephage.xyz/2024/07/10/discovery-dual-functionality-of-phage-anti-crispr-protein-unveiled/) - Anti-CRISPR-associated (Aca) protein dual functionality of the HTH domain means that it can regulate anti-CRISPR production at multiple levels.
- [Immunity in Disguise: The Sneaky Symphony of Temperate Phages Helping Bacteria Thrive Amid Infections](https://www.thephage.xyz/2023/12/03/temperate-phages-helping-bacteria-thrive-amid-infections/) - The study done by scientists from Stanford University posits that Pf4, in its interaction with OMVs, curtails inflammatory responses to bacterial endotoxins.
- [What do Bacteriophage Diagrams Look Like? (Morphological classification of bacteriophages)](https://www.thephage.xyz/2022/05/04/what-do-bacteriophage-diagrams-look-like-morphological-classification-of-bacteriophages/) - Phage morphology can still provide useful descriptive information, especially when genomic or protein-level data are not available. Here are the morphologies
- [A New Way to Fight Antibiotic Resistance: Silver Nanoparticles Built Using a Phage](https://www.thephage.xyz/2025/12/11/a-new-way-to-fight-antibiotic-resistance-silver-nanoparticles-built-using-a-phage/) - Researchers developed a new form of silver nanoparticle (AgNP) that is more effective against harmful bacteria and slows down the rate at which resistance forms
- [The Phage: Everything You Need to Know About Bacteriophages (And No, Not the Star Trek Disease)](https://www.thephage.xyz/2025/12/06/the-phage-star-trek-disease/) - Discover what 'The Phage' really means, not the Star Trek disease, but real bacteriophages. Learn how phages work, their role in the ecosystems.
- [Teaching Phages to Hunt Inside Pseudomonas Biofilms](https://www.thephage.xyz/2025/11/25/teaching-phages-to-hunt-inside-pseudomonas-biofilms/) - Scientists have “trained” a bacteriophage to hunt stubborn Pseudomonas biofilms found in cystic fibrosis lungs. Here’s how the virus evolution was directed.
- [The Bee Gut’s Viral Mirror: How Tiny Phages Reflect the Microbial Universe Within](https://www.thephage.xyz/2025/11/05/bee-guts-viral-phages-reflect-the-microbial/) - In the honey bee gut, viruses reflect bacterial diversity almost perfectly. Learn what this means for understanding microbiomes.
- [Bacteriophages: The microscopic enemy of the dairy industry](https://www.thephage.xyz/2022/12/21/bacteriophages-the-microscopic-enemy-of-the-dairy-industry/) - Learn how bacteriophages affect lactic acid bacteria and the production of yoghurt, cheese, and other fermented dairy products and how the industry manages them
- [What is the Best Method to Store Phages for Later Use?](https://www.thephage.xyz/2025/09/24/what-is-the-best-method-to-store-phages-for-later-use/) - Beginner-friendly guide to phage storage: learn practical methods including fridge buffers, glycerol, chloroform, freezing, and lyophilisation.
- [Bespoke Phage Therapy to Combat Antimicrobial Resistance](https://www.thephage.xyz/2025/09/27/bespoke-phage-therapy-to-combat-antimicrobial-resistance/) - This innovative therapy represents a major advancement in precision medicine and hospital-specific treatments for drug-resistant infections
- [The best way to Isolate bacteriophage DNA](https://www.thephage.xyz/2023/01/19/the-best-way-to-isolate-bacteriophage-dna/) - Learn the best way to isolate bacteriophage DNA and minimise bacterial nucleic acid contamination using simple laboratory reagents
- [The role of neutrophils in systemic bacteriophage clearance](https://www.thephage.xyz/2024/08/21/do-invivo-studies-help-in-understanding-phage-kinetics/) - Evaluating phage clearance in blood and organs is an interesting ongoing research. It is intriguing to understand the kinetics in the human body.
- [The Promise of Personalized Phage Therapy](https://www.thephage.xyz/2025/08/21/the-promise-of-personalized-phage-therapy/) - A breakthrough study shows how personalized phage therapy can safely treat infections where antibiotics fail.
- [Vésale Bioscience Rebrands as Inteliphage, Signaling Shift Toward Clinical Application of Phage Therapy](https://www.thephage.xyz/2025/07/23/vesale-bioscience-rebrands-as-inteliphage-clinical-application-phage-therapy/) - Belgian biotech company Vésale Bioscience has officially rebranded as Inteliphage, marking a strategic evolution in its mission and scope
- [Understanding Enveloped and Non-Enveloped Viruses](https://www.thephage.xyz/2024/08/16/understanding-enveloped-and-non-enveloped-viruses/) - In this article, we will explore the differences between these two types of viruses, along with clear examples of both enveloped and non-enveloped viruses.
- [Nebulized phage therapy treats cystic fibrosis cases](https://www.thephage.xyz/2025/05/13/nebulised-phage-therapy-treats-cystic-fibrosis-cases/) - Phages are target-specific, which makes them a potential alternative for managing infections, especially those caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria.
- [Phage therapy as “One-Health” approach in aquaculture](https://www.thephage.xyz/2025/05/06/phage-therapy-as-one-health-approach-in-aquaculture/) - Antibiotic resistance in aquaculture has paved the way for phage therapy application, which, in its early developmental stage, has shown positive results.
- [How Phages Are Revolutionising Skincare: The Parallel Health Story](https://www.thephage.xyz/2025/04/18/how-phages-are-revolutionising-skincare-the-parallel-health-story/) - Nathan and Natalise co-founded Parallel Health, a company that blends traditional beauty products with an unconventional ingredient: phages-viruses of bacteria.
- [Bacteria Secrete a Molecule that Sensitizes Rivals to Phage Infection](https://www.thephage.xyz/2025/03/24/bacteria-secrete-a-molecule-that-sensitizes-rivals-to-phage-infection/) - Bacteria produce secondary metabolites that not only kill their rivals but also make them more susceptible to viral (bacteriophage) infections.
- [Phage Therapy: A Personalized Approach to Treating Bacterial Infections](https://www.thephage.xyz/2025/03/08/advantages-of-phage-therapy/) - We will discuss current phage therapy research and development, as well as its potential future as a treatment option for bacterial infections.
- [How a Popular Food Dye Destroys Phages by Damaging Their DNA](https://www.thephage.xyz/2025/02/07/food-dye-destroys-phages-by-damaging-their-dna/) - IIndigo Carmine caused changes in the phage's structure, particularly in its tail and protective shell, leading to the leakage of its genetic material.
- [Mirror Bacteria: The Science That Could Change Life as We Know It](https://www.thephage.xyz/2025/01/04/mirror-bacteria/) - Mirror organisms could offer potential breakthroughs in medicine and technology, but they also raise significant questions regarding their impact on ecosystems.
- [The Future of Fighting Superbugs: AI to personalise Phage Therapy](https://www.thephage.xyz/2024/12/15/the-future-of-fighting-superbugs-ai-personal-phage-therapy/) - Discover how researchers are combining artificial intelligence with phage therapy to create personalized treatments for antibiotic-resistant infections.
- [Preparation of SM buffer (lambda diluent)](https://www.thephage.xyz/2021/12/26/preparation-of-sm-buffer-lambda-diluent/) - SM buffer is primarily used in biology laboratories, and its main function, like any other buffer, is to stabilize the pH. That is, it can withstand minor pH changes, increasing the stability of biological materials or molecules. When performing an experimental task, it is critical to keep all other variables constant and only vary the
- [Phynteny: Phage Genome Annotation with Machine Learning](https://www.thephage.xyz/2024/11/14/phynteny-phage-genome-annotation-machine-learning/) - Read about Phynteny a tool that utilizes the LSTM model, explain how it works and compare it to other popular tools like PHOLD and Pharokka
- [Co-delivery hydrogel with phages and antibiotics to treat Fracture-related infections, a promising experimental study](https://www.thephage.xyz/2024/11/14/fracture-infections-phage-therapy-antibiotics-hydrogel/) - This study delves into understanding the synergistic potential of phages working in tandem with antibiotics to tackle fracture-related infections
- [What’s Better: Simplicity or Standardization in Bacteriophage Nomenclature?](https://www.thephage.xyz/2024/11/08/whats-better-simplicity-or-standardization-in-bacteriophage-nomenclature/) - Let’s dive into the debate: simplicity vs. standardization in bacteriophage nomenclature. Which approach truly benefits science—and why does it matter?
- [Are Bacteriophages More Diverse Than Bacteria?](https://www.thephage.xyz/2024/10/24/are-bacteriophages-more-diverse-than-bacteria/) - Our recent LinkedIn poll series sought to gauge public understanding of a fascinating topic: the diversity of bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria) compared to that of bacteria. The results (shown in the chart below) indicated that 78% of participants believed bacteriophages are more diverse, 5% thought bacteria hold the title, 8% believed both are equally
- [Assembling Phage Genomes: De Novo vs Reference-Based Methods](https://www.thephage.xyz/2023/02/18/assembling-phage-genomes-de-novo-vs-reference-based-methods/) - This guide explores the strengths and limitations of de novo and reference-based methods as well as the tools available for assembling phage genome.
- [Over 600 Viruses Discovered on Toothbrushes and Showerheads: Why is it a good news?](https://www.thephage.xyz/2024/10/14/over-600-viruses-discovered-on-toothbrushes-and-showerheads-why-is-it-a-good-news/) - A study reveals hundreds of bacteriophages, harmless viruses living on toothbrushes and showerheads, which could aid in fighting antibiotic-resistant bacteria
- [Preparation of SM Buffer without gelatin](https://www.thephage.xyz/2021/03/08/preparation-of-sm-buffer-without-gelatin/) - SM buffer is primarily used in biology laboratories and, like any other buffer, its primary function is to stabilize the pH. It can withstand minor pH changes, thereby increasing the stability of biological materials or molecules. When carrying out an experiment, it is critical to keep all other variables constant and only vary the variables
- [The Battle Within: How Phages Trigger Bacterial Cell Lysis](https://www.thephage.xyz/2024/10/03/the-battle-within-how-phages-trigger-bacterial-cell-lysis/) - Take an in-depth look at bacterial cell lysis during phage infection, exploring how phages hijack the bacterial machinery and the mechanisms that lead to lysis.
- [Interview with Mr Pranav Johri, Founder of Vitalis phage therapy](https://www.thephage.xyz/2024/09/21/interview-with-mr-pranav-johri-founder-of-vitalis-phage-therapy/) - The curious case of a patient's journey to his new life led him to pursue his mission of treating patients with phage therapy. Read the journey...
- [The Impact of Stop Codon Reassignment Significantly Affects Phage Annotation](https://www.thephage.xyz/2024/08/18/stop-codon-phage-annotation/) - Recent research has shown that Stop Codon Reassignment is more widespread and impactful than previously thought, especially among gut bacteriophages
- [Is phage therapy a solution to Netherton Syndrome?](https://www.thephage.xyz/2021/05/05/is-phage-therapy-a-solution-to-netherton-syndrome/) - The successful use of bacteriophage therapy to control chronic bacterial infections in a patient with Netherton Syndrome.
- [tax_myPHAGE: Taxonomy Classification Tool for bacteriophages](https://www.thephage.xyz/2024/08/11/tax_myphage-taxonomy-classification-tool-for-bacteriophages/) - You may not have heard of tax_myPHAGE yet, a tool created for classifying double-stranded DNA phages and offering an efficient solution for assigning taxonomy.
- [Phage Titering: Quantifying the Abundance and Activity of Bacteriophages](https://www.thephage.xyz/2023/06/01/phage-titering/) - Phage titering allows researchers to quantify the number of viable phage particles presents in a sample, providing essential information about phage biology
- [Sterilization by filtration method](https://www.thephage.xyz/2023/02/06/sterilization-by-filtration-method/) - Learn about the significance of sterilization in microbiology labs and why filtration is a widely used technique for achieving sterile solutions.
- [Phage-mediated biocontrol of phytopathogens](https://www.thephage.xyz/2023/06/28/phage-mediated-biocontrol-of-phytopathogens/) - Safer alternatives, such as phages, have been thought of in order to protect the environment and its contents while lowering the risk of superbug development.
- [Phage Lysis: A Viral Symphony of Destruction and Hope](https://www.thephage.xyz/2023/07/13/phage-lysis/) - In this article, we will explore the fascinating process of phage lysis, unveiling its inner workings and highlighting its potential for the future.
- [Understanding the Importance of Phage Typing in Clinical Applications](https://www.thephage.xyz/2023/07/28/phage-typing-in-clinical-applications/) - Discover the profound significance of phage typing amidst evolving global health threats. Delve into the captivating details of this article.
- [Phage Therapy for Treatment of Skin Acne](https://www.thephage.xyz/2023/08/03/phage-therapy-for-treatment-of-skin-acne/) - Step into the mesmerizing world of the human microbiome, a bustling metropolis of microorganisms thriving both inside and outside our bodies.
- [Can tiny viruses be a solution in fish preservation?](https://www.thephage.xyz/2024/07/21/can-phage-be-used-as-a-bio-preservative-for-fish/) - The ability of bacteriophages to selectively infect and lyse bacteria without affecting human, animal, or plant cells offers a unique advantage in food safety.
- [Phold: Phage Genome Annotation Using Protein Structural Homology](https://www.thephage.xyz/2024/07/21/phold-phage-genome-annotation-leveraging-protein-structure/) - Phold leverages the power of structural homology to enhance functional prediction. This approach can provide more reliable clues about the function of a protein
- [Bacteria's Phage Tail-Like Nanostructures: Guardians Against Osmotic Stress](https://www.thephage.xyz/2023/05/26/bacterias-phage-tail-like-structures-osmotic-stress/) - A team of scientists from the University of Tsukuba in Japan has shed light on these mysterious nanostructures, particularly within Streptomyces lividans
- [Collateral Damage: The Dark Side of Antibiotics](https://www.thephage.xyz/2023/04/02/collateral-damage-the-dark-side-of-antibiotics/) - When we take antibiotics, they don't just kill the bad bacteria that are causing the infection, they also kill the good bacteria in our gut.
- [Bacteriophages Adsorb Or Attach](https://www.thephage.xyz/2023/08/12/bacteriophages-adsorb-or-attach/) - Question: Please choose the term that describes a virus that has a lipid bilayer (derived from the host cell) surrounding its capsid. Answer: An "enveloped virus" is a virus that has a lipid bilayer derived from the host cell's membrane surrounding its capsid. This envelope plays a significant role in the virus's ability to interact
- [Can next-generation sequencing replace phage microscopy?](https://www.thephage.xyz/2023/12/16/next-gen-sequencing-phage-microscopy/) - The nuanced interplay between these two techniques, dissecting their strengths, limitations, and the synergy they bring to the forefront of phage research.
- [Introduction to Transmission Electron Microscopy](https://www.thephage.xyz/2024/01/17/transmission-electron-microscopy/) - Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), a powerful imaging technique widely used in various fields. This article explore the basics of TEM and its applications.
- [Engineered Phages deceive BBB to sneak drugs into the brain](https://www.thephage.xyz/2024/02/24/engineered-phages-deceive-bbb-to-sneak-drugs-into-the-brain/) - Discover how nature's tiniest predators, phages, are poised to revolutionize neuropharmacology by unlocking the brain's fortress—the blood-brain barrier.
- [In-Depth Exploration of the Phage Display Technique](https://www.thephage.xyz/2024/05/21/in-depth-exploration-of-the-phage-display-technique/) - Phage display involves the expression of peptides or proteins on the surface of bacteriophages, which are viruses that infect bacteria.
- [Bacteriophage MS2: A Comprehensive Overview](https://www.thephage.xyz/2024/05/25/bacteriophage-ms2-a-comprehensive-overview/) - Bacteriophage MS2, often referred to simply as MS2, is one of the well-studied RNA bacteriophage that infects Escherichia coli bacteria. Read more on MS2
- [Innovative High Throughput Platform Enhances Personalized Phage Therapy](https://www.thephage.xyz/2024/07/13/innovative-high-throughput-platform-enhances-personalized-phage-therapy/) - A compact kit the size of a paperback book significantly improves the efficiency of identifying bacteriophages that respond to antibiotic-resistant superbugs.
- [Antiviral properties of bacteriophages](https://www.thephage.xyz/2021/07/24/antiviral-properties-of-bacteriophages-can-a-bacteriophage-infect-other-viruses/) - Bacteriophage's effectiveness in eradicating antibiotic-resistant bacteria piqued scientists' interest in trying to use them againsty pathogenic viruses.
- [Biofilm Treatment: The Power of Phage Extracts and Cocktails](https://www.thephage.xyz/2024/05/26/phage-extracts-cocktails-biofilm/) - This article gives insights into how using phages have emerged as promising treatment option for hard to treat bacterial biofilms.
- [Are bacterial biofilms susceptible to bacteriophage attack?](https://www.thephage.xyz/2022/11/05/are-bacterial-biofilms-susceptible-to-bacteriophage-attack/) - The biofilm matrix's protection allows the bacteria to evade host defence mechanisms, resist antibiotics and cause infection.
- [Is it possible for bacteria to develop bacteriophage resistance?](https://www.thephage.xyz/2022/03/31/is-it-possible-for-bacteria-to-develop-bacteriophage-resistance/) - In this article, we examine the question of whether bacteria can develop resistance against phage therapy and, if they can, whether this poses a problem.
- [Phage Display Procedures (Protocol)](https://www.thephage.xyz/2021/04/11/phage-display-procedures-protocol/) - This protocol outlines three major steps in phage display, detailing the procedures to be followed at each step and highlighting critical points to consider.
- [Saccharibacteria: The parasite that protects its host against phage attack](https://www.thephage.xyz/2024/04/25/saccharibacteria-the-parasite-that-protects-its-host-against-phage-attack/) - Unlike conventional phage-resistance mechanisms involving genetic mutations, TM7x induces physiological changes in the host bacterium, altering gene expression.
- [Bacteriophage: The horizontal gene transfer machine](https://www.thephage.xyz/2024/03/11/bacteriophage-horizontal-gene-transfer/) - This phenomenon, termed phage-mediated transduction, involves the transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another through phage particles.
- [Scientists Uncover Rapid Label-Free Detection at the Individual Virion Level with Optical Power](https://www.thephage.xyz/2024/03/02/scientists-uncover-rapid-label-free-detection-at-the-individual-virion-level-with-optical-power/) - Nanotweezers, unlike traditional tweezers, are part of a chip and use a focused laser beam to manipulate microscopic objects like virions without direct contact
- [How Synthetic Biology Can Help Us Make a Perfect Bacteriophage](https://www.thephage.xyz/2024/02/21/how-synthetic-biology-can-help-us-make-a-perfect-bacteriophage/) - Researchers can use synthetic biology to create a phage with an enhanced host range, enabling them to target a broader spectrum of bacterial pathogens
- [Which is better: antibiotics or phage therapy?](https://www.thephage.xyz/2024/02/09/which-is-better-antibiotics-or-phage-therapy/) - In this article, explore the differences between antibiotics and phage therapy and discuss which may be the better option for treating bacterial infections
- [Extraterrestrial Enigma: Are Viruses Aliens?](https://www.thephage.xyz/2024/01/20/extraterrestrial-enigma-are-viruses-aliens/) - In this exploration, we'll delve into the captivating world of viruses to unravel the possibilities, impossibilities, and the scientific facts behind this query
- [Antiphage Systems Leave Bacteria Prone to Antibiotics](https://www.thephage.xyz/2024/01/23/antiphage-system-eaving-bacteria-prone-to-antibiotics/) - In a scientific revelation, researchers have uncovered an interesting interplay between the bacterial immune system and an antifolate class of antibiotics.
- [Sensitive and Specific Phage-based Digital Biomolecular Sensor for Breast Cancer](https://www.thephage.xyz/2023/12/19/phage-based-digital-biomolecular-sensor-for-breast-cancer/) - The P-DBS system's specificity is pivotal, driven by the integration of viral proteins that assemble readily on the surface of breast cancer cells.
- [Bacteriophage Beauty Products: The Future of Skin Care in 2024?](https://www.thephage.xyz/2023/02/07/bacteriophage-beauty-products-the-future-of-skin-care/) - Learn why bacteriophages are the perfect solution for skin care and explore our list of top-rated products that harness their power.
- [PhageScope: A new web-based tool for decoding the phage genome](https://www.thephage.xyz/2023/11/15/phagescope/) - PhageScope, a cutting-edge tool by City University of Hong Kong scientists, beckons researchers into the captivating realm of phage genomics
- [Pseudo-typing: Scientist re-engineered E. coli bacteriophage to infect salmonella](https://www.thephage.xyz/2023/10/17/pseudo-typing-re-engineered-e-coli-bacteriophage-to-infect-salmonella/) - Bacteriophages, often referred to as phages, offer promising and potent solutions for combating bacterial infections that have become resistant to antibiotics. The rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria poses a substantial and pressing threat to global public health, affecting approximately 70% of bacteria responsible for causing infections as they become resistant to one or more antibiotics. The
- [Mammalian cells uptake bacteriophages and harness them as a means to boost cellular growth and survival](https://www.thephage.xyz/2023/11/05/mammalian-cells-uptake-bacteriophages/) - Researchers have proposed that mammalian cells, internalize phages as a valuable resource to promote their own growth and enhance survival.
- [Kimchi LAB Strains that defeat phage infection](https://www.thephage.xyz/2023/11/06/kimchi-lab-strains-that-defeat-phage-infection/) - In the context of kimchi, this resistance shines brightly, enhancing the culinary experience with its remarkable flavors since the LAB survives infection.
- [Fungal viruses: Are they ideal antifungal agents?](https://www.thephage.xyz/2023/02/06/mycophages-are-they-ideal-antifungal-agents/) - Learn about the potential of mycoviruses as an alternative to antifungal drugs and their various applications in controlling algae blooms and food spoilage.
- [Cell free synthesis of bacteriophages proved more efficient](https://www.thephage.xyz/2023/10/13/cell-free-synthesis-of-bacteriophages-efficient/) - This breakthrough offers a promising glimpse into a future where standardization can increase the efficiency in delivery of phage therapy.
- [Phage Therapy Breaks New Ground in Combating Drug-Resistant Mycobacterial Infections](https://www.thephage.xyz/2023/09/17/phage-therapy-breaks-new-ground-in-combating-drug-resistant-mycobacterial-infections/) - This article highlights the study's key findings, emphasizing its potential to revolutionize the management of drug-resistant Mycobacterial infections.
- [Preparation of Phage Lysates / bacteriophage enumeration (pfu/ml)](https://www.thephage.xyz/2021/03/24/preparation-of-phage-lysates-bacteriophage-enumeration-pfu-ml/) - Bacteriophage enumeration is a crucial laboratory technique used to quantify the abundance of bacteriophages, viruses that infect and replicate within bacteria
- [iPHoP: The Ultimate Host Prediction Tool for Microbial Viruses](https://www.thephage.xyz/2023/08/20/iphop-the-ultimate-host-prediction-tool-for-microbial-viruses/) - Integrated Phage Host Prediction, or iPHoP, is a command-line pipeline for automatically determining the host genus of new bacteriophages and archaea viruses based on those organisms' genomic sequences. Imagine viruses as cunning toolkits, waiting for a chance to shine. But here's the catch: these viruses are like picky guests at a party—they demand a specific
- [Pharokka: Empowering Phage Genomic Annotation](https://www.thephage.xyz/2023/08/27/pharokka-phage-genomic-annotation-tool/) - Pharokka, an innovative annotation tool, has sparked considerable interest as it promises a seamless, rapid, and consistent approach to unraveling phage genomes
- [Bacteriophages as Viral Warriors Against Microbial Infections](https://www.thephage.xyz/2023/08/13/bacteriophages-viral-warriors-against-microbial-infections/) - This article delves into phage therapy, exploring its role in combating bacterial infections and its potential to revolutionize the way we approach diseases.
- [Phage Therapy Shows Remarkable Success in Treating Stubborn Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections](https://www.thephage.xyz/2023/08/12/phage-therapy-success-in-treating-pseudomonas-aeruginosa-infections/) - Patients were treated after a thorough analysis confirmed their infective agent's susceptibility to both the phage on its own and when paired with antibiotics..
- [Beginners' guide: How to Successfully Purify Your First “Phage”](https://www.thephage.xyz/2023/07/26/how-to-purify-phage/) - By following a series of simple yet vital steps, you can transform your isolated phage lysate into a single isolate ready for further exploration.
- [Preserving the Magic: How to Properly Store Your Phages in the Lab](https://www.thephage.xyz/2023/07/21/how-to-properly-store-phages-in-lab/) - Today, we delve into the science of phage storage and give you crucial tips for preserving the longevity and potency of your phage stocks.
- [Unveiling the Remarkable Arsenal of Antiphage Defense Systems in Bacteria](https://www.thephage.xyz/2023/07/18/antiphage-defense-systems-in-bacteria/) - In this article, we'll look at some of the most intriguing antiphage defence systems used by bacteria, using simple scenarios to help us understand the science.
- [Factors Affecting Bacteriophage Survival in the Environment](https://www.thephage.xyz/2023/07/17/factors-affecting-bacteriophage-survival/) - We embark on a journey to explore the factors that shape the fate of bacteriophages, all while weaving in relatable real-life situations and a touch of fun
- [Essential Equipment for Your Phage Laboratory](https://www.thephage.xyz/2023/07/07/essential-equipment-for-phage-laboratory/) - This article will inform you of the equipment required for each stage of the phage research process, making the equipment itself captivating to explore.
- [Unveiling the Hidden World of Bacteriophages: Your Guide to Successfully Isolate Your First "Phage"](https://www.thephage.xyz/2023/07/03/guide-to-isolate-your-first-phage/) - In this article, we embark on a delightful journey to uncover the secrets of phages and learn how to isolate one of these amazing creatures ourselves.
- [Bacteriophages Successfully Treat Antibiotic-Resistant Lung Infections](https://www.thephage.xyz/2023/06/27/bacteriophages-successfully-treat-antibiotic-resistant-lung-infections/) - This was made possible through a multidisciplinary approach, which involved identifying a phage that specifically targeted the patient's drug-resistant bacteria
- [Unveiling the UK Public's Rising Acceptance of Phage Therapy: Insights from a New Study](https://www.thephage.xyz/2023/05/25/uk-publics-rising-acceptance-of-phage-therapy/) - Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a global crisis, posing a threat to human health as previously treatable infections become increasingly lethal. In response to this alarming scenario, scientists are revisiting an age-old therapeutic approach known as phage therapy. The University of Exeter's researchers have conducted a groundbreaking study to assess the UK public's awareness, acceptance,
- [Mycovirus Halts Vomitoxin Production in Scab Fungus](https://www.thephage.xyz/2023/05/22/mycovirus-halts-vomitoxin-production-in-scab-fungus/) - The intrepid scientists have unearthed a natural virus, known as a mycovirus, that disrupts the vomitoxin-producing machinery of the scab fungus.
- [Anionic Synthetic Polymers Shield Bacteria from Phage Infections](https://www.thephage.xyz/2023/05/21/polymers-shield-bacteria-phage-infections/) - A groundbreaking discovery made by researchers at the University of Warwick—a breakthrough that revolutionizes the prevention of bacterial culture viral attack
- [Tiny Soldiers to the Rescue: Bacteriophage Spray Offers New Solution to Food Contamination](https://www.thephage.xyz/2023/05/10/tiny-soldiers-to-the-rescue-bacteriophage-spray-offers-new-solution-to-food-contamination/) - To reduce outbreaks and disinfect food, researchers at McMaster University have developed a spray made up of bacteriophages (tiny viruses)
- [Are phages more effective than antibiotics?](https://www.thephage.xyz/2023/02/11/are-phages-more-effective-than-antibiotics/) - Discover the advantages and disadvantages of using phage therapy, and explore the scenarios in which it may be a preferred option over antibiotics.
- [Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus: Bacteria that prey on its kind](https://www.thephage.xyz/2023/02/10/bdellovibrio-bacteriovorus-bacteria-predator/) - Discover the fascinating world of bacterial predators . Read on to understand the potential applications and limitations of this natural phenomenon
- [The multiplicity of infection (MOI) of the phage explained](https://www.thephage.xyz/2021/04/06/the-multiplicity-of-infection-moi/) - Learn about the importance of Multiplicity of Infection (MOI) phage research. Enhance your understanding of bacteriophages with our comprehensive guide.
- [The accessibility of phage therapy services](https://www.thephage.xyz/2022/01/27/the-accessibility-of-phage-therapy-services/) - where do people get phage therapy? Despite the reinstated attention it has gained in recent years, Phage therapy is still limited to only some jurisdictions. The global growing number of antibiotic-resistant bugs is worrisome all over the world, with the predictions that superbugs may have killed many people compared to other common diseases. There is
- [How is a phage cocktail prepared?](https://www.thephage.xyz/2023/02/06/how-is-phage-cocktail-prepared/) - Learn about the creation process, things to consider when preparing phage cocktails, and their advantages over traditional antibiotics.
- [Determination of phage adsorption time](https://www.thephage.xyz/2021/03/14/determination-of-adsorption-time/) - The determination of phage adsorption time is a critical step in the study of phages and their interactions with bacteria. This information can provide insights into the efficiency and specificity of phage-bacterium interactions, as well as inform the development of new phage-based therapies. To measure phage adsorption time, a bacterial host is incubated with a
- [Are Phages Microbiome-Friendly Therapeutic Approach?](https://www.thephage.xyz/2022/03/04/what-are-phages-the-microbiome-friendly-therapeutic-approach-to-treating-severe-infections/) - Phages are microbiome-friendly as they selectively target and eliminate harmful bacteria while preserving the beneficial ones. Read this article to learn more
- [Transduction (Generalized and specialized) explained](https://www.thephage.xyz/2022/12/10/generalized-and-specialized-bacteriophage-transduction-well-explained/) - Bacteriophage transduction is the process by which a bacteriophage shuttles or transfers bacterial genes from one bacterial cell to another.
- [why a bacteriophage cannot infect a human](https://www.thephage.xyz/2022/11/18/why-a-bacteriophage-cannot-infect-a-human/) - Can a bacteriophage infect a human cell?It's an intriguing question that has scientists scratching their heads over the possibility of these "minute guys" (phages) wreaking havoc on our bodies. This same question would be asked by someone who wants to know if phages are safe for humans, especially when used as a treatment alternative. Concerns
- [Temperate and lysogenic infection: Are they  the same?](https://www.thephage.xyz/2022/11/28/temperate-and-lysogenic-infection-are-they-the-same/) - Lysogenic cycleLysogenic infectionAn infection that results in prophage genome replication but does not explicitly involve virion production except after subsequent prophage induction. Lytic infections, on the other hand, involve both phage replication and virion production. Phage-genome replication and virion production do not occur in the context of pseudo-lysogenic infections. Lysogenic infections should not be confused
- [Unlocking Food Safety with Bacteriophages: A Natural Solution for Food Safety](https://www.thephage.xyz/2022/12/15/unlocking-food-safety-with-bacteriophages-a-natural-solution-for-food-safety/) - Food safety is an important issue in our society. With the rise of bacteria-related illnesses, it is essential to know how to protect ourselves and our families from these dangerous microorganisms. One way to do this is to use bacteriophages, which are tiny viruses that can kill bacteria. In this blog post, we will explore
- [Bacteriophage therapy: The potential treatment option for diabetic wounds](https://www.thephage.xyz/2022/12/09/bacteriophage-therapy-the-potential-treatment-option-for-diabetic-wounds/) - Wounds are injuries as a result of a break in the continuity of any bodily tissue. They include cuts, scrapes, punctured skin, and scratches just to mention a few. Wounds usually heal within a couple of weeks in most cases. However, some medical conditions, such as diabetes, can slow down the healing process and make
- [Bacteriophages: Nature's Solution to Drug-Resistant Bacteria](https://www.thephage.xyz/2022/10/03/bacteriophages-natures-solution-to-drug-resistant-bacteria/) - Bacteria are microorganisms that are present everywhere on Earth. They are essential for the proper functioning of many ecosystems and are used in a variety of industries, such as food production and wastewater treatment. However, some types of bacteria can cause disease in humans, animals, and plants. Infectious diseases caused by bacteria are a major
- [Antibiotic drugs and Bacteriophages: Are they synergistic or antagonistic?](https://www.thephage.xyz/2022/10/02/antibiotic-drugs-and-bacteriophages-are-they-synergistic-or-antagonistic/) - Many scientists, particularly those working on antimicrobial resistance, want to create the most effective anti-superbug weapon (multidrug-resistant strains of bacteria). Meanwhile, the central question was whether phages alone could be used for treatment, with some negative characteristics impeding phage therapy regardless of its efficacy. When using a higher concentration of antibiotics for treatment, the world
- [How bacteria's programed cell death stop phage infection spread in the population](https://www.thephage.xyz/2022/04/21/how-bacterias-programed-cell-death-stop-phage-infection-spread-in-the-population/) - Programmed cell death (PCD), sometimes termed apoptosis refers to any form of cell death mediated by an intracellular death program. Apoptosis is more precisely defined as a pathway that allows animals to efficiently eliminate damaged or excess cells while preserving metabolic resources and avoiding an immune response. However, apoptosis is not the only type of cell death.
- [What are the disadvantages of using phage therapy?](https://www.thephage.xyz/2022/04/13/what-are-the-disadvantages-of-using-phage-therapy/) - Bacteriophage therapy is gaining widespread attention as a result of the global superbug crisis. Superbugs are bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics; these organisms tend to develop mechanisms that protect them from the drug's effects. Antimicrobial resistance is caused by a variety of factors, including the use of a drug without a diagnosis, the use
- [Phage technology can help to fight food poisoning](https://www.thephage.xyz/2022/04/12/phage-technology-can-help-to-fight-food-poisoning/) - Food poisoning has recently dominated the terror world; some major news outlets reported that some pathogens are unstoppable even in first-world countries such as the United States of America (USA). According to the CDC report, Salmonella is one of the leading causes of food poisoning in the United States, sickening an estimated 1.35 million Americans
- [How does a phage based vaccine work?](https://www.thephage.xyz/2022/03/31/how-does-a-phage-based-vaccine-work/) - During the COVID-19 pandemic, many scientists investigated various types of vaccine production in the hopes of saving the world. Other effective vaccines have been developed as a result of these scientists' outstanding work in research and development, which has resulted in some of the most widely used vaccine technologies. The World Health Organization has approved
- [The potential use of Bacteriophage Lysins In the Medical field](https://www.thephage.xyz/2022/03/20/the-potential-use-of-bacteriophage-lysins-in-the-medical-field/) - Structure of gram-negative bacteriophage lysin. credit Fischetti (2019) Phage lysins are specialized hydrolytic cell wall enzymes that are used to rupture phage-infected bacteria and release progeny phage particles into the environment. Phage lysins have also been studied and used on their own as a potential therapy to treat bacterial infections. They are potent, fast-acting, specific to a
- [How do bacteriophages transfer antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs)?](https://www.thephage.xyz/2022/02/24/how-do-bacteriophages-transfer-antibiotic-resistance-genes-args/) - An illustration of ARG transfer by T bacteriophagesBecause of the rise in antibiotic resistance, effective prevention of pathogens is becoming a pipe dream. The drugs in development are no longer promising enough to put an end to this nightmare scenario any time soon. Bacterial resistance to a new antibiotic develops at a much faster rate
- [Plaque-Based Optimization of the Phages Lytic Characteristics](https://www.thephage.xyz/2021/12/26/plaque-based-optimization-of-the-phages-lytic-characteristics/) - The isolates of wild lytic phages from the transient stocks are propagated with the corresponding host bacterial isolates and the representative standard reference bacterial strains using the plate method as follows:ProcedurePrepare 10-folds serial dilutions (10-1–10-7) with Lambda buffer for the phage stock solutions by taking 100 µl of the phage solution into 900 µl of lambda
- [Production of the Transient Phage Stock](https://www.thephage.xyz/2021/12/26/production-of-the-transient-phage-stock/) - Procedure Cut 5–10 plaques with a sterile Pasteur pipette and place them in 1.5 ml sterile Eppendorf micro-centrifuge tubes.Add into 300 µl of Lambda buffer and incubate for 30 min at room temperature with intermittent gentle shaking every 10 min.Add 1:10 chloroform: lysate ratio with gentle shaking for 10 min at room temperature in order to
- [Bacterial Stock Culture preparation](https://www.thephage.xyz/2021/12/26/bacterial-stock-culture-preparation/) - ProcedurePrior to the procedure, a stock culture of the phage target bacteria should be maintained on any general media preferably Trypticasein soy agar(TSA), Nutrient Agar, or Luria agar (LA) plate ( The cell wall composition is one of the most important factors providing attachment sites for phages. For example, phages-teichoic acids attach to the outer
- [Preparation of anti-phage agent](https://www.thephage.xyz/2021/12/26/preparation-of-anti-phage-agent/) - ProcedureImmediately prior to use, transfer 3.3 ml of 13% PRE added to 7 ml of freshly prepared ferrous sulphate solution (0.01%). After about 30 s the colour of the mixture changes to greenish then to black. These mixtures of ferrous sulphate and PRE should be protected from light. NOTE: The mixture is active for 45 min
- [Preparation of 13% Pomegranate Rind Extract (PRE)](https://www.thephage.xyz/2021/12/26/preparation-of-13-pomegranate-rind-extract-pre/) - ProcedureBlend pomegranate rind in distilled water (25% w/v) and boil for 10 min.Centrifuge (20,000xg, 4 °C, 30 min) (A further purification of the pomegranate extract can be achieved by membrane filtration).Autoclave supernatant (121 °C, 15 min) and cool.Store at −20 °C.Prior to use, mix 1.3 ml of stock solution of PRE (25% w/v) with 8.7
- [Preparation of FeSO4.7H2O Solution](https://www.thephage.xyz/2021/12/26/preparation-of-feso4-7h2o-solution/) - ProcedureFirst freshly prepare a solution (0.01%) of FeSO4.7H2O in Lambda buffer, pH 6.3.Sterilized by membrane filtration (0.45 lm, Whatman)
- [Preparation of Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS)](https://www.thephage.xyz/2021/12/26/preparation-of-phosphate-buffered-saline-pbs/) - Phosphate-buffered saline (abbreviated PBS) is a buffer solution commonly used in biological research including phage work. It is a water-based salt solution containing disodium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, and, in some formulations, potassium chloride and potassium dihydrogen phosphate. The buffer helps to maintain a constant pH. It is commonly supplied as a tablet ready to
- [Common media used in phage work](https://www.thephage.xyz/2021/12/26/common-media-used-in-phage-work/) - microbiological MediaList of the media usedLuria broth (LB): tryptone 10 g l−1 (HiMedia, Mumbai, India), yeast extract5 g l−1 (HiMedia, Mumbai, India), and sodium chloride 10 g l−1 adjust at pH 7.2.Luria-agar (LA) consisted of the above with the addition of 14 g l−1 agar(HiMedia, Mumbai, India) use for culture maintenance. (click here to read
- [Can lysogenic phages be trained to enter into the lytic cycle?](https://www.thephage.xyz/2021/10/10/can-lysogenic-phages-be-trained-to-enter-into-the-lytic-cycle/) - Have you ever come across the word phage training?Phages are viruses that eat up bacteria; that's what many of us know. They are the most abundant biological entities in the environment. They live close to the bacteria they eat up and can evolve with evolving bacteria. Once phages enter into bacteria, they either undergo the
- [How to determination of the number of phage particles in a stock (phage titration)](https://www.thephage.xyz/2021/06/04/how-to-determination-of-the-number-of-phage-particles-in-a-stock-phage-titration/) - Phage titration (determination of the number of phage particles in stock) is an essential molecular biology technique. Most of the time, it does after purification (Read more about purification here). When genetic libraries in phage vectors are screened for positive clones, the plates that are being screened should have approximately 50-500 phage plaques per plate
- [Protocol for Mechanical Dissociation and DNA Extraction of sample (Using QIAmp DNA Mini Kit)](https://www.thephage.xyz/2021/06/02/protocol-for-mechanical-dissociation-and-dna-extraction-of-sample-using-qiamp-dna-mini-kit/) - This protocol was designed for microbiome analysis in sputum (although other samples can be used with slight modifications) and was adapted and used in this article by Burgener et al for phage DNA extraction you can use the isolation-of-phage-DNA-miniprep-protocol. In brief, if necessary for aliquoting, neat sputum will crudely be homogenized with 5–10 pumps of 18 g needle and syringe.
- [Bacteriophage host range determination (Culture-Based Approach)](https://www.thephage.xyz/2021/05/23/bacteriophage-host-range-determination-culture-based-approach/) - Bacteriophage host range is by definition a repertoire of bacterial species and strains that are able to support the multiplication of the given virus. It is therefore impossible to determine a complete host range practically since in no experiment can all of the existing bacterial strains are tested for susceptibility to the chosen bacteriophage. In
- [Phage therapy (Bacteriophage therapy)](https://www.thephage.xyz/2021/04/19/phage-therapy-bacteriophage-therapy/) - Soon after Alexander Fleming’s 1928 discovery of penicillin and the beginning of Western medicine’s widespread use of antibiotics in the 1940s, Fleming himself warned that misuse of these drugs could result in antibiotic-resistant bacteria. As predicted, clinical reports of antibiotic resistance followed, such as the evolution of resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in early clinical trials for streptomycin efficacy in

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## Protocols

- [Bacteriophage Isolation from Soil and Sewage Samples](https://www.thephage.xyz/protocol/bacteriophage-isolation-from-soil-and-sewage-samples/) - Protocol for isolating and purifying phages from soil or sewage using host strains, enrichment, filtration, and plaque assays for detection and screening.
- [One-Step Growth Curve: Phage Latent Period and Burst Size](https://www.thephage.xyz/protocol/bacteriophage-one-step-growth-curve/) - The one-step growth curve experiment determines the phage life cycle duration, including latent period, rise period, and burst size, by limiting infection to a single round. The procedure involves adsorbing phages to bacteria at a low MOI, removing unattached phages, diluting the mixture to prevent secondary infections, sampling over time, and plating for plaque enumeration.
- [Isolation of edwardsiella-specific bacteriophages from fish](https://www.thephage.xyz/protocol/isolation-of-edwardsiella-specific-bacteriophages-from-fish/) - Aquaculture, the culture of all types of aquatic animals and plants in fresh, brackish, and marine water environments, is one of the fastest-growing food-producing sectors. This industry frequently suffers heavy losses due to diseases caused by pathogens such as multi-drug resistant bacteria, which are easily transmitted through water and thus capable of infecting a variety
- [Bacteriophage precipitation using PEG (PEG/NaCl method)](https://www.thephage.xyz/protocol/bacteriophage-precipitation-using-peg-peg-nacl-method/) - Concentrate bacteriophages from a cleared lysate using PEG (polyethylene glycol) and NaCl, then resuspend as a smaller-volume, higher-titer phage prep.
- [Bacteriophage purification by CsCl density gradient](https://www.thephage.xyz/protocol/bacteriophage-density-centrifugation-cscl/) - This step yields highly purified phage preparations suitable for microscopy, proteomics, genomics, and structural studies.
- [Agar Overlay (Double-Layer Agar) Technique for Bacteriophage Assays](https://www.thephage.xyz/protocol/agar-overlay-double-layer-agar-technique/) - Learn how to do the overlay agar method. This method creates a homogeneous lawn of bacteria within a thin layer of agar across the surface of a plate.
- [Isolation of Pseudomonas bacteriophages from fish gastro intestinal tract](https://www.thephage.xyz/protocol/isolation-of-pseudomonas-bacteriophages-from-fish-gastro-intestinal-tract/) - Fish plays a vital role in the human diet, and consumption per capita is increasing; however, the expansion of industry and agriculture causes contamination of the natural and man-made aquatic environment, which affects the health of organisms, raising safety concerns about its use for human consumption. Consumption of fish products, particularly raw or undercooked fish,
- [Phage typing for bacterial strain detection and identification](https://www.thephage.xyz/protocol/phage-typing-bacterial-strain-identification/) - Learn the step-by-step protocol for phage typing, a quick and low-cost phenotypic method that utilises bacteriophage specificity to identify bacterial strains.
- [Comprehensive Guide to Bacteriophage Counting through Plaque Assay](https://www.thephage.xyz/protocol/bacteriophage-enumeration-plaque-assay/) - In this guide, we delve into the calculation of bacteriophage concentrations, and step-by-step instructions for seamless execution.
- [Preparation of LB (Luria-Bertani) agar](https://www.thephage.xyz/protocol/preparation-of-lb-luria-bertani-agar/) - Luria-Bertani is the most preferred media to be used in phage research. This protocol describes how to make 1 L of Luria-Bertani agar (also known as LB agar) for the culturing of bacteria on plates. ready-made Luria Bertani Agar platesProcedures/StepsAdd 25g LB broth, Miller, and 15g agar (or 40g LB agar, Miller) per liter of water.Mix
- [Isolation of Phage DNA - Miniprep Protocol](https://www.thephage.xyz/protocol/isolation-of-phage-dna-miniprep-protocol/) - The following protocol is about DNA extraction using the miniprep protocol. This produces enough DNA for subcloning and mapping the fragments in about 30 min.
- [Procedure for Phage isolation](https://www.thephage.xyz/protocol/procedure-for-phage-isolation/) - ProcedureCollect crude specimens of approximately 50 g or 100mls of any targeted sample in a sterile sample collection tube (100 ml).Mix each specimen thoroughly and transfer 5 g of each specimen into 90 ml of LB in 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask with cotton-plug and mix using a vortex mixer for 30 s.Then add 5 ml
- [Phage Spot Lysis Test: Phage detection technique](https://www.thephage.xyz/protocol/phage-spot-lysis-test/) - Learn how to perform spot assay. A spot test is a technique used to determine the presence and activity of bacteriophages against specific bacterial strains.
- [Lysogenic to lytic cycle: Bacteriophage Induction](https://www.thephage.xyz/protocol/bacteriophage-induction/) - Phage induction, a pivotal moment in the phage lifecycle, occurs when a temperate phage is activated from its lysogenic state to enter the lytic cycle.
- [Sewage sample processing for bacteriophage isolation](https://www.thephage.xyz/protocol/sewage-sample-processing-for-bacteriophage-isolation/) - This article aims to provide a detailed, step-by-step guide on how to process a sewage sample to successfully isolate bacteriophages.
- [Counting phages: Serial dilution technique](https://www.thephage.xyz/protocol/counting-phages-serial-dilution-technique/) - Serial dilution is a reliable and widely used laboratory technique that enables scientists to accurately determine the bacteriophage concentration in a sample.
- [Techniques to evaluate bacteriophage killing](https://www.thephage.xyz/protocol/techniques-to-evaluate-bacteriophage-killing/) - Bacteriophages are viruses that are particularly reliant on their bacterial hosts' metabolic activity to copy their genetic material and produce the proteins necessary for their survival. They are showing potential antibacterial effects against a small selection of dangerous microorganisms. A bacteriophage infects a host cell by attaching to a bacterial strain that is vulnerable to
- [Bacteriophages isolation and purification](https://www.thephage.xyz/protocol/bacteriophages-isolation-and-purification/) - Learn the step-by-step procedure for isolating and purifying bacteriophages (phages) in a microbiology laboratory using the Double Agar Method.
- [Sewage Sample Collection for Bacteriophage Isolation](https://www.thephage.xyz/protocol/sewage-sample-collection-for-bacteriophage-isolation/) - This article provides guidelines for sample collection, including considerations for sampling locations, sample types, and recommended procedures.
- [Prophage Induction Using Mitomycin C](https://www.thephage.xyz/protocol/prophage-inductio-mitomycin-c/) - This article delves into the molecular mechanisms underlying prophage induction with Mitomycin C, detailed step-by-step protocol and examining its applications

## News

- [Precision Phage Invites Investors To Join It's AI Powered Mission Against AMR](https://www.thephage.xyz/news/precision-phage-invites-investors-to-join-its-ai-powered-mission-against-amr/) - A Finish based company PrecisionPhage has Opened Post-Seed Investment Round to Advance AI-Driven Genomic Solutions for AMR
- [JAFRAL Phage Summit 2026 Releases Official Brochure](https://www.thephage.xyz/news/jafral-phage-summit-2026-releases-first-official-brochure-ahead-of-global-gathering-in-ljubljana/) - JAFRAL Phage Summit 2026 has released its brochure, announcing an international conference on phage therapy scheduled from 19 to 21 May 2026 in Ljubljana.
- [Phage-Antibiotic Therapy Clears Spine Implant-Associated MRSA](https://www.thephage.xyz/news/phage-antibiotic-therapy-clears-spine-implant-associated-mrsa/) - A successful case report was published in the International Journal of Infectious Diseases, supporting personalized phage therapy treating chronic MRSA vertebral osteomyelitis
- [9th World Congress on Targeting Phage Therapy, Spain, 2026](https://www.thephage.xyz/news/9th-world-congress-on-targeting-phage-therapy-announced-for-june-2026-in-valencia-spain/) - The 9th World Congress on Targeting Phage Therapy will take place June 11–12, 2026 in Valencia, Spain, focusing on clinical frameworks, scalable production, and the future of phage-based anti-infective therapies.
- [EUCAST to establish phage susceptibility testing (PST)](https://www.thephage.xyz/news/eucast-to-establish-phage-susceptibility-testing/) - Europe is taking a significant step towards bringing bacteriophage therapy closer to routine clinical use by establishing phage susceptibility testing
- [Space-Evolved Phages Show Enhanced Ability to Kill Bacteria Back on Earth](https://www.thephage.xyz/news/space-evolved-phages-enhanced-ability-kill-bacteria/) - Phages aboard the ISS have shown an enhanced ability to kill bacteria after returning to Earth, revealing how extreme environments can shape viral evolution
- [France Marks 100th Patient Treated With Phage Therapy in Fight Against Drug-Resistant Infections](https://www.thephage.xyz/news/a-landmark-moment-for-phage-therapy-treating-the-100th-patient-in-lyon-signals-a-new-era-in-precision-infection-care/) - Lyon celebrates a major milestone in phage therapy as the 100th patient receives personalised phage treatment, offering new hope against antibiotic resistance.
- [Phage Therapy Market Poised for Explosive Growth between 2026–2035](https://www.thephage.xyz/news/phage-therapy-market-poised-for-explosive-growth-between-2026-2035/) - The global phage therapy market is set to grow at a CAGR of 20.5% from 2026 through 2034, driven by rising infectious diseases, antibiotic resistance, and increased biotech innovation.
- [BiomX Discontinues Phase 2b BX004 Trial in Cystic Fibrosis Following Safety Review](https://www.thephage.xyz/news/biomx-discontinues-phase-2b-bx004-trial-in-cystic-fibrosis-following-safety-review/) - BiomX discontinues its Phase 2b BX004 cystic fibrosis trial after a safety review, while shifting focus to its BX011 phage therapy program for Staphylococcus aureus infections.
- [International Conference on Bacteriophages to be held in Sydney](https://www.thephage.xyz/news/international-conference-on-bacteriophages-to-be-held-in-sydney/) - The International Conference on Bacteriophages is organizing a group of scholarly events on Bacteriophage biology for presentation that will run over a span of time during the conference period. The first event will be held in Sydney, Australia from February 23-24, 2026. The International Research Conference is a federation organization that aims to bring together
- [Viruses of Microbes 2026(VoM 2026) Returns to Europe](https://www.thephage.xyz/news/viruses-of-microbes-2026vom-2026-returns-to-europe/) - Viruses of Microbes 2026 returns to Europe in Prague on July 6–10, bringing global experts together to advance phage and microbial virus research.
- [Phage Therapy Market Set for Strong Growth as Escherichia coli Segment Leads Through 2028](https://www.thephage.xyz/news/phage-therapy-market-set-for-strong-growth-as-escherichia-coli-segment-leads-through-2028/) - The phage therapy market is set to grow at a 17.41% CAGR through 2028, led by E. coli applications and rising demand for antibiotic alternatives.
- [Plaza and Intralytix Introduce Phage-Based Biocontrol Kit for Livestock Health](https://www.thephage.xyz/news/plaza-and-intralytix-introduce-phage-based-biocontrol-kit-for-livestock-health/) - Intralytix and Plaza Feed & Crop Nutrition have agreed to integrate bacteriophage and probiotic technologies into specialised kits for livestock applications.
- [8th Bacteriophage Therapy Summit 2026 to Spotlight Clinical, Regulatory, and Commercial Advances in Phage Therapeutics](https://www.thephage.xyz/news/8th-bacteriophage-therapy-summit-2026-to-spotlight-clinical-regulatory-and-commercial-advances-in-phage-therapeutics/) - 8th Bacteriophage Therapy Summit 2026, London, to build sustainable investments and business models enabling regulatory and commercial success to leverage phage research.
- [Bacteriophage Conference at BITS PILANI, Goa](https://www.thephage.xyz/news/bacteriophage-conference-at-bits-pilani-goa/) - In association with International Association for Bacteriophage and AMR Research (IABAMRR), BITS Pilani, K K Birla, Goa Campus, Goa is organizing conference “ONE HEALTH, ONE SOLUTION: Bacteriophages Against AMR”. The conference is being held on 17th January, 2026, in BITS Pilani, K K Birla, Goa Campus, Goa. Leading scientists, early-career researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and
- [Phage mediated  therapy for cancer](https://www.thephage.xyz/news/phage-mediated-therapy-for-cancer/) - They destroy tumour mass by infecting and multiplying within the mass. In addition, the presence of immunogenic viruses activates the immune system response
- [The virus that lives in sputum to feed on deadly bacteria (in patients with Cystic fibrosis)](https://www.thephage.xyz/news/the-virus-that-lives-in-sputum-to-feed-on-deadly-bacteria-in-patients-with-cystic-fibrosis/) - Introduction:There is a recent study about the extraction and detection of phage DNA from a sputum sample done by scientists from Stanford University (Bacteriophages can transmit antibiotic resistance genes through the multiplication process). This study proves that bacteriophages are real everywhere and are numerous compared to their natural prey (bacteria). There is increasing interest in the
- [Is phage technology going to help Africa overcome the burden of antimicrobial resistance?](https://www.thephage.xyz/news/how-phage-technology-is-taking-over-africa/) - Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major threat to public health globally. Published investigations have estimated the impact of AMR on pathogen-drug combinations on incidence, mortality, hospitalization, and healthcare costs in specific locations. According to a study published in the Lancet journal, antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections were responsible for nearly 1.3 million deaths worldwide in 2019. Africa was
- [UK House of Commons Launches Inquiry into the Antimicrobial Potential of Bacteriophages](https://www.thephage.xyz/news/uk-house-of-commons-launches-inquiry-into-the-antimicrobial-potential-of-bacteriophages/) - UK House of Commons Science and Technology Committee's inquiry into the barriers to developing and using phage therapy, and the need for regulation
- [BiomX Reveals Promising Results in First Bacteriophage Trial on patients with cystic fibrosis (CF)](https://www.thephage.xyz/news/biomx-reveals-promising-results/) - BiomX has reported impressive results from the first-ever placebo-controlled trial of its BX004 bacteriophage cocktail in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF).
- [Innovate UK KTN Launches Phage Innovation Network to Drive Innovation in Phage Research and Development](https://www.thephage.xyz/news/innovate-uk-ktn-launches-phage-innovation-network-to-drive-innovation-in-phage-research-and-development/) - Innovate UK KTN has launched the Phage Innovation Network to tackle antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and drive innovation in the R&D of phage-based technologies.
- [UK's First Phage Library Set to Fast-Track Bacteria-Killing Virus Treatments, Says University of Leicester Researcher](https://www.thephage.xyz/news/uks-first-phage-library-set-to-fast-track-bacteria-killing-virus-treatments-says-university-of-leicester-researcher/) - A leading UK scientist has emphasised the urgent need to scale up the use of experimental therapies based on phages, in the NHS to combat antibiotic resistance.
- [CDC Proposes the Use of Phage Therapy on Resistant Bacteria from Eye Drop Contamination](https://www.thephage.xyz/news/cdc-proposes-the-use-of-phage-therapy-on-resistant-bacteria-from-eye-drop-contamination/) - The CDC proposes phage therapy for antibiotic-resistant bacteria from contaminated eye drops outbreak, causing deaths and vision loss in 18 states.
- [PHAXIAM Therapeutics and Vetophage Join Forces to Combat Antimicrobial Resistance](https://www.thephage.xyz/news/phaxiam-therapeutics-and-vetophage-join-forces-to-combat-antimicrobial-resistance/) - This collaboration aims to harness their collective expertise in researching novel phages and phage-derived proteins (endolysins)
- [UK Urged to Invest in Bacteriophage Manufacturing Plants as Antibiotic Alternatives](https://www.thephage.xyz/news/uk-to-invest-in-bacteriophage/) - This initiative seeks to address the diminishing efficacy of antibiotics against pathogens by employing bacteriophages as an alternative.
- [PhalconBio Secures £1 Million PACE Grant](https://www.thephage.xyz/news/phalconbio-secures-1-million-pace-grant/) - PACE (Pathways to Antimicrobial Clinical Efficacy) is one of the UK’s largest public-private initiatives targeting early-stage antimicrobial medicines and diagnostic discovery. PACE helps to fast-track the most promising antimicrobial innovations by providing essential resources and support, maximizing the chances of success in the fight against antimicrobial resistance (AMR). PhalconBio, a Swiss biotech company, is committed
- [Awareness of phage therapy in society today, a study conducted in Poland](https://www.thephage.xyz/news/awareness-of-phage-therapy-in-society-today-a-study-in-poland/) - Over the past 100 years, antibiotics have drastically changed modern medicine. “The introduction of antibiotics into clinical use was arguably the greatest medical breakthrough of the 20th century”. Alongside phages also evolved and so did phage therapy. In the last decade, phage therapy has gained recognition alongside antibiotics. Sometimes as an alternative to antibiotics, and
- [Successful completion of Phage Genome Analysis and Comparative Genomics Workshop](https://www.thephage.xyz/news/successful-completion-of-phage-genome-analysis-and-comparative-genomics-workshop/) - The Phage Genome Analysis and Comparative Genomics Workshop hosted by the Phage Hunters Training and Research Program conducted for 10 days in February 2025 at the Technical University of Kenya (TUK) and the Kenya Institute of Primate Research (KIPRE) in Nairobi has successfully concluded today. After months of research and planning, this hands-on workshop was
- [Winners of "The Phage Art Competition, 2024"](https://www.thephage.xyz/news/winners-of-the-phage-art-competition-2024/) - "The Phage Art Competition, 2024" comes to an end and The Phage is excited to announce the finalists. The Competition began on 1-December-2024 and the submission deadline was 31-December-2024. After this, the artwork was judged by a mix of phage scientists, microbiologists, and the general public who voted to select the top four entries. The participants
- ['Phollow' phages help to follow phage replication](https://www.thephage.xyz/news/phollowphages-help-to-follow-phage-replication/) - Factors governing phage replication and phage transmission in situ are unknown, especially within the confines of the gastrointestinal tract. We are unaware of the consequences of phage replication on the bacterial community and tissues of the animal host, and whether the phages are in the form of extracellular virions or intracellular phages. Scientists from the
- [Internship Opportunities at The Phage Blog](https://www.thephage.xyz/news/internship-opportunities-at-the-phage-blog/) - Empowering global phage education through science communication The Phage Blog is expanding, and we’re looking for motivated interns who are passionate about science, communication, creativity, and global impact. These internships are fully remote and designed to support early-career scientists, students, and creatives seeking hands-on experience. All interns receive: Internet reimbursement (this internship is not paid
- [PhageEU ASBL: A New Dawn for Phage Technology in Europe](https://www.thephage.xyz/news/phageeu-asbl-a-new-dawn-for-phage-technology-in-europe/) - This initiative follows more than a year of dedicated informal activities aimed at fostering collaboration and innovation within the phage community.
- [Phage-based H5N1(Bird Flu) vaccine by Cytophage to enter preclinical trials](https://www.thephage.xyz/news/phage-based-h5n1bird-flu-vaccine-by-cytophage-to-enter-preclinical-trials/) - Two phage-based vaccine candidates for avian influenza (H5N1) developed by Cytophage are now entering preclinical trials. Cytophages' innovative phage technology uses distinct antigen presentation strategies to enhance immune response and cross-strain protection. The preclinical trial will assess efficacy, immunogenicity, and optimal dosing in animal models. To trigger an immune response, the two vaccine candidates are
- [8th World Congress on Phage Therapy 2025 being held at Berlin, Germany](https://www.thephage.xyz/news/8th-world-congress-on-phage-therapy-2025-being-held-at-berlin-germany/) - The Targeting Phage Therapy organization has announced the 8th World Conference which will be held on June 10-11, 2025 at DoubleTree by Hilton Berlin Kudamm, Berlin, Germany. This event will bring together leading scientists, clinicians, industry experts, and innovators to present, discuss, and explore the latest advances and challenges in phage research and therapeutic applications. This
- [Global phage market set to reach USD 72.4 Million by 2035, says this report](https://www.thephage.xyz/news/global-phage-market-set-to-reach-usd-72-4-million-by-2035-says-this-report/) - Active collaborations and partnerships, increased clinical trials, and regulatory advancements will raise the phage market to USD 72.4 million by 2035, says this report by Future Market Insights, Inc.
- [Phage therapy showing promising results in the treatment of Diabetic Foot Osteomyelitis (DFO)](https://www.thephage.xyz/news/phage-therapy-showing-promising-results-in-the-treatment-of-diabetic-foot-osteomyelitis-dfo/) - BiomX, a company developing natural and engineered phages, has announced positive results in clinical trials. BiomX has announced the safety and efficacy results from the Phase 2 Trial evaluating BX211 for the treatment of Diabetic Foot Osteomyelitis (DFO). The trial results have shown that BX211 was safe and well-tolerated by the patients, concluding that there
- [Conference on phages: Biology, Dynamics, and Therapeutics](https://www.thephage.xyz/news/conference-on-phages-biology-dynamics-and-therapeutics/) - The International Antiviral Society -USA has announced a 2.5-day conference on phages. Approximately 500 US and international attendees will be attending this conference. Being held from October 12 to 14, 2025, in Washington, DC, the conference will include talks, symposia, and workshops, abstract-driven presentations focused on recent scientific advances and future clinical applications of phages. Discussions will
- [CRISPR armed phage therapeautic to treat cancer patients](https://www.thephage.xyz/news/crispr-armed-phage-therapeautic-to-treat-cancer-patients/) - SNIPR Biome in its Phase 1b trial of SNIPR001, a CRISPR-CAS-armed phage therapeutic, has shown promising results with successful precision target engagement.
- [Phage and AI come together to fight antimicrobial resistance at Phagos](https://www.thephage.xyz/news/phage-and-ai-come-together-to-fight-antimicrobial-resistance-at-phagos/) - Phagos, a tech biotech startup is matching phages with specific bacteria, working alongside Amazon Web Services (AWS) Generative AI Accelerator Program to counter antimicrobial resistance.
- [Guntur Doctor Successfully Use Phage Therapy to Cure Drug Resistant Bone Infection](https://www.thephage.xyz/news/guntur-doctor-successfully-use-phage-therapy-to-cure-drug-resistant-bone-infection/) - Employing phage therapy, the medical team managed to eradicate the infection and save patient's leg from probable amputation.
- [Positive data from IV administered AP-SA02 in Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia(SAB)-Armata pharmaceuticals](https://www.thephage.xyz/news/postive-data-from-iv-administered-ap-sa02-in-staphylococcus-aureus-bacteremiasab-armata-pharmaceuticals/) - diSArm study Phase 1b/2a showed positive, favorable safety data in treating Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia (SAB) by Armata Pharmaceuticals, a phage-biotechnology company.
- [UK Issues Pivotal Guidelines to Advance Safe Development of Phage Therapies](https://www.thephage.xyz/news/uk-issues-pivotal-guidelines-to-advance-safe-development-of-phage-therapies/) - The U MHRA has released a comprehensive new document aimed at guiding researchers and pharmaceutical companies in the safe development of phage therapies
- [Shrimp Hatchery Rearing Systems to Utilize phages in fight against aquatic bacterial infections](https://www.thephage.xyz/news/shrimp-hatchery-rearing-systems-to-utilize-phages-in-fight-against-aquatic-bacterial-infections/) - Indian Council of Agricultural Research(ICAR) and Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture(CIBA) signed a memorandum of Understanding(MoU) with M/s Salem Microbes Private Limited, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India, for producing and marketing of the a “Phage based product” developed by the Aquatic Animal Health and Environment Division (AAHED) of ICAR-CIBA, Chennai. This product formulation comprises a broad spectrum
- [Intralytix using Phages as Precision Medicine](https://www.thephage.xyz/news/intralytix-using-phages-as-precision-medicine/) - Intralytix, a phage-based biotech company, has now entered into precision medicine, exploring more phage characteristics.
- [MicrobiotiX extends its funding to first Korean phage clinical trial](https://www.thephage.xyz/news/microbiotix-extends-its-funding-to-first-korean-phage-clinical-trial/) - MicrobiotiX funds the first Korean phage clinical trial supported by the Korean government.
- [Phagos Secures €25 Million to Advance AI-Driven Phage Therapy for Livestock](https://www.thephage.xyz/news/phagos-secures-e25-million-to-advance-ai-driven-phage-therapy-for-livestock/) - Phagos, a French biotech company, raises €25M to advance AI-powered phage therapy for livestock. This marks a milestone in the company’s mission to combat AMR
- [World Phage Week: Day 1: Regulatory Framework on Phage Therapy — Dr. Tobi Nagel](https://www.thephage.xyz/news/world-phage-week-day-1-regulatory-framework-on-phage-therapy-dr-tobi-nagel/) - Celebrate this World Phage Week, highlighting global efforts to advance phage therapy and promote equitable access to patients.
- [World Phage Week: Day 2: Phage Therapy Commercialization and Market Pathways — Dr. Mayukh Das](https://www.thephage.xyz/news/world-phage-week-day-2-phage-therapy-commercialization-and-market-pathways-dr-mayukh-das/) - As part of the World Phage Week webinar series 2025, discover insights from Dr. Mayukh Das, COO of PHIOGEN, on how innovative business models, regulatory support, and global collaborations can unlock the commercial potential of phage therapy
- [World Phage Week: Day 3: GMP, Manufacturing, and Production in Phage Development — Dr. Frenk Smrekar ](https://www.thephage.xyz/news/world-phage-week-day-3-gmp-manufacturing-and-production-in-phage-development-dr-frenk-smrekar/) - With Dr.Frenk Smrekar, the founder and CEO, discover how JAFRAL BioSolutions is driving GMP bacteriophage manufacturing and global innovation on the third day of World Phage Week 2025 webinar series.
- [ICBRAR-2025: the 6th International Conference on Phage Research and Antimicrobial Resistance at BHU, India](https://www.thephage.xyz/news/icbrar-2025-bhu-hosts-the-6th-international-conference-on-bacteriophage-research-and-antimicrobial-resistance/) - The 6th International Conference on Bacteriophage Research and Antimicrobial Resistance (ICBRAR-2025) concluded at BHU, bringing together 250+ experts to discuss phage therapy, AMR solutions, and future microbial research advancements in India.

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- [Canada](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/canada/)
- [Australia](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/australia/)
- [T4 phage](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/t4-phage/)
- [CRISPR](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/crispr/)
- [AMR](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/amr/)
- [SNIPR Biome ApS](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/snipr-biome-aps/)
- [SNIPR001](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/snipr001/)
- [E. Coli](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/e-coli/)
- [filamentous phage](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/filamentous-phage/)
- [phage structure](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/phage-structure/)
- [new zealand](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/new-zealand/)
- [phage display](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/phage-display/)
- [cryo mocroscopy](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/cryo-mocroscopy/)
- [biotechnology](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/biotechnology/)
- [mycoviruses](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/mycoviruses/)
- [plants](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/plants/)
- [agricultural](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/agricultural/)
- [fungus](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/fungus/)
- [mycotoxin](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/mycotoxin/)
- [vomitoxin](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/vomitoxin/)
- [mycophages](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/mycophages/)
- [USA](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/usa/)
- [University of Exeter](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/university-of-exeter/)
- [Japan](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/japan/)
- [Bacteria](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/bacteria/)
- [CDC](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/cdc/)
- [Outbrake](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/outbrake/)
- [Protocol](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/protocol/)
- [Techniques](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/techniques/)
- [The phage](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/the-phage/)
- [gene therapy](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/gene-therapy/)
- [lytic bacteriophages](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/lytic-bacteriophages/)
- [lytic phage](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/lytic-phage/)
- [phage biology](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/phage-biology/)
- [Phage isolation](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/phage-isolation/)
- [sewage sample phage isolation](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/sewage-sample-phage-isolation/)
- [sewage sample](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/sewage-sample/)
- [sample processing](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/sample-processing/)
- [phage sample processing](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/phage-sample-processing/)
- [phage therapy](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/phage-therapy/)
- [pseudomonas aureginosa](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/pseudomonas-aureginosa/)
- [phytopathogens](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/phytopathogens/)
- [xanthomonas](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/xanthomonas/)
- [pseudomonas in plants](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/pseudomonas-in-plants/)
- [phage in plants](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/phage-in-plants/)
- [Phage Characterization](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/phage-characterization/)
- [equipment](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/equipment/)
- [Phage laboratory](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/phage-laboratory/)
- [lysin](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/lysin/)
- [endolysin](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/endolysin/)
- [phage endolysin](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/phage-endolysin/)
- [phage lysin](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/phage-lysin/)
- [phage lysis](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/phage-lysis/)
- [bacteriophage lysis](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/bacteriophage-lysis/)
- [lysis of the bacterial](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/lysis-of-the-bacterial/)
- [bacteria lysis](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/bacteria-lysis/)
- [factors](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/factors/)
- [Temperature](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/temperature/)
- [pH](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/ph/)
- [Desiccation](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/desiccation/)
- [Anti-phage system](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/anti-phage-system/)
- [CRISPR-Cas](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/crispr-cas/)
- [Phage Purification](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/phage-purification/)
- [Phage storage](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/phage-storage/)
- [cryopreservation](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/cryopreservation/)
- [lyophilization](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/lyophilization/)
- [Phage typing](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/phage-typing/)
- [Phage in clinical](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/phage-in-clinical/)
- [phage in diagnosis](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/phage-in-diagnosis/)
- [Phage characterisation](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/phage-characterisation/)
- [IBRT](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/ibrt/)
- [Ibadan](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/ibadan/)
- [Ibadan phage](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/ibadan-phage/)
- [Ibadan phage research Team](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/ibadan-phage-research-team/)
- [Africa](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/africa/)
- [African phage](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/african-phage/)
- [African Phage group](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/african-phage-group/)
- [beauty](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/beauty/)
- [c. acnes](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/c-acnes/)
- [acnes](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/acnes/)
- [Specialized transduction](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/specialized-transduction/)
- [Generalized transdunction](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/generalized-transdunction/)
- [bacteria genome](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/bacteria-genome/)
- [UTIs](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/utis/)
- [ETH Zurich](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/eth-zurich/)
- [Balgrist University](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/balgrist-university/)
- [Q&A](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/qa/)
- [Israel](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/israel/)
- [Pseudomonas](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/pseudomonas/)
- [PASA16](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/pasa16/)
- [APT](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/apt/)
- [phage evolution](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/phage-evolution/)
- [phage induction](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/phage-induction/)
- [cell cycle arrest](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/cell-cycle-arrest/)
- [mutagenesis](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/mutagenesis/)
- [lytic cycle](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/lytic-cycle/)
- [DNA repair](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/dna-repair/)
- [microbial warfare](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/microbial-warfare/)
- [viral strategies](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/viral-strategies/)
- [DNA damage response](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/dna-damage-response/)
- [bacterial defenses](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/bacterial-defenses/)
- [medical applications](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/medical-applications/)
- [iPHoP pipeline](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/iphop-pipeline/)
- [Microbial processes](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/microbial-processes/)
- [Host prediction tools](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/host-prediction-tools/)
- [Virus-host interactions](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/virus-host-interactions/)
- [Microbial ecology](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/microbial-ecology/)
- [Metagenomic sequencing](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/metagenomic-sequencing/)
- [Microbe-virus relationships](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/microbe-virus-relationships/)
- [Genus-level prediction](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/genus-level-prediction/)
- [Viral genomics](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/viral-genomics/)
- [Phage-based prediction](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/phage-based-prediction/)
- [Microbial communities](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/microbial-communities/)
- [Environmental viruses](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/environmental-viruses/)
- [GTDB trees](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/gtdb-trees/)
- [Metagenome-derived viruses](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/metagenome-derived-viruses/)
- [Machine learning model](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/machine-learning-model/)
- [Genome databases](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/genome-databases/)
- [Phage-host association](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/phage-host-association/)
- [Computational biology](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/computational-biology/)
- [Microbiome research](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/microbiome-research/)
- [Environmental impact](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/environmental-impact/)
- [Pharokka](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/pharokka/)
- [Phage Genome Annotation](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/phage-genome-annotation/)
- [Bioinformatics Tools](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/bioinformatics-tools/)
- [Genome Analysis](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/genome-analysis/)
- [Gene Prediction](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/gene-prediction/)
- [Functional Annotation](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/functional-annotation/)
- [Genomic Insights](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/genomic-insights/)
- [Metagenomic Data](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/metagenomic-data/)
- [DNA Sequencing](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/dna-sequencing/)
- [CRISPR Detection](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/crispr-detection/)
- [tRNA Analysis](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/trna-analysis/)
- [VFDB and CARD Databases](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/vfdb-and-card-databases/)
- [Standards-Compliant Outputs](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/standards-compliant-outputs/)
- [Genetic Insights](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/genetic-insights/)
- [Genome Assembly](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/genome-assembly/)
- [Microbial Genomics](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/microbial-genomics/)
- [Genomic Annotation Workflow](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/genomic-annotation-workflow/)
- [DNA Analysis](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/dna-analysis/)
- [Phage-assisted evolution](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/phage-assisted-evolution/)
- [protein engineering](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/protein-engineering/)
- [prime editors](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/prime-editors/)
- [genome manipulation](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/genome-manipulation/)
- [genetic engineering](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/genetic-engineering/)
- [precision editing](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/precision-editing/)
- [Cas9 protein](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/cas9-protein/)
- [pegRNA](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/pegrna/)
- [reverse transcriptase enzyme](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/reverse-transcriptase-enzyme/)
- [molecular evolution](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/molecular-evolution/)
- [genetic traits](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/genetic-traits/)
- [DNA edits](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/dna-edits/)
- [therapeutic applications](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/therapeutic-applications/)
- [versatile editing](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/versatile-editing/)
- [human cells](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/human-cells/)
- [mouse brains](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/mouse-brains/)
- [delivery systems](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/delivery-systems/)
- [genetic revolution](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/genetic-revolution/)
- [genetic diseases](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/genetic-diseases/)
- [transformative genetics](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/transformative-genetics/)
- [therapeutic breakthroughs](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/therapeutic-breakthroughs/)
- [genetic sculptor](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/genetic-sculptor/)
- [genetic code](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/genetic-code/)
- [genome editing](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/genome-editing/)
- [compact prime editors](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/compact-prime-editors/)
- [genetic precision](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/genetic-precision/)
- [prime editing superpowers](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/prime-editing-superpowers/)
- [genetic innovation](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/genetic-innovation/)
- [scientific evolution](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/scientific-evolution/)
- [genetic manipulation](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/genetic-manipulation/)
- [Drug-resistant Mycobacterium](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/drug-resistant-mycobacterium/)
- [Bacteriophage treatment](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/bacteriophage-treatment/)
- [Personalized phage identification](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/personalized-phage-identification/)
- [Phage susceptibility](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/phage-susceptibility/)
- [Chronic bronchiectatic lung diseases](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/chronic-bronchiectatic-lung-diseases/)
- [Intravenous phage therapy](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/intravenous-phage-therapy/)
- [Aerosolized phage therapy](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/aerosolized-phage-therapy/)
- [Mycobacterium abscessus](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/mycobacterium-abscessus/)
- [Compassionate use](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/compassionate-use/)
- [Mycobacterium infections](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/mycobacterium-infections/)
- [Microbiological responses](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/microbiological-responses/)
- [Adverse reactions](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/adverse-reactions/)
- [Healthcare challenges](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/healthcare-challenges/)
- [Drug-resistant infections](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/drug-resistant-infections/)
- [Clinical responses](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/clinical-responses/)
- [Medical breakthrough](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/medical-breakthrough/)
- [Treatment options](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/treatment-options/)
- [Antibiotic alternatives](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/antibiotic-alternatives/)
- [Therapeutic phages](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/therapeutic-phages/)
- [Neutralizing antibodies](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/neutralizing-antibodies/)
- [Mycobacterial infection management](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/mycobacterial-infection-management/)
- [TXTL](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/txtl/)
- [CRISPRi](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/crispri/)
- [CFBS](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/cfbs/)
- [kimchi](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/kimchi/)
- [sweden](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/sweden/)
- [mall-Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS)](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/mall-angle-neutron-scattering-sans/)
- [phagescope](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/phagescope/)
- [phage annotation](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/phage-annotation/)
- [phage genome](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/phage-genome/)
- [copper](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/copper/)
- [bioremediation](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/bioremediation/)
- [fd phages](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/fd-phages/)
- [bacterial persistence](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/bacterial-persistence/)
- [bacteriophage](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/bacteriophage/)
- [inflammatory cytokines](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/inflammatory-cytokines/)
- [CXCL5](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/cxcl5/)
- [CXCL1](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/cxcl1/)
- [Pseudomonas aeruginosa](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/pseudomonas-aeruginosa/)
- [bacterial infection](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/bacterial-infection/)
- [myeloid cells](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/myeloid-cells/)
- [OMVs](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/omvs/)
- [TLR3 signaling](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/tlr3-signaling/)
- [outer membrane vesicles](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/outer-membrane-vesicles/)
- [immune response](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/immune-response/)
- [type I interferon](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/type-i-interferon/)
- [neutrophil chemotaxis](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/neutrophil-chemotaxis/)
- [macrophages](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/macrophages/)
- [Pf4](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/pf4/)
- [RNA structures](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/rna-structures/)
- [immune modulation](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/immune-modulation/)
- [BF23 bacteriophage](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/bf23-bacteriophage/)
- [T5-like phage](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/t5-like-phage/)
- [Cancer cell](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/cancer-cell/)
- [Phage mediated therapy for cancer](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/phage-mediated-therapy-for-cancer/)
- [phage mediated cancer therapy](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/phage-mediated-cancer-therapy/)
- [tumour cells and phages](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/tumour-cells-and-phages/)
- [Phage classification](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/phage-classification/)
- [Genomic analysis of phages](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/genomic-analysis-of-phages/)
- [Phage microscopy](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/phage-microscopy/)
- [Synergy of sequencing and microscopy](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/synergy-of-sequencing-and-microscopy/)
- [International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/international-committee-on-taxonomy-of-viruses/)
- [Sequencing technology in genomics](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/sequencing-technology-in-genomics/)
- [Next-generation sequencing](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/next-generation-sequencing/)
- [Microscopic observation of viruses](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/microscopic-observation-of-viruses/)
- [ICTV classification](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/ictv-classification/)
- [Satellite virus discovery](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/satellite-virus-discovery/)
- [High-resolution imaging in microbiology](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/high-resolution-imaging-in-microbiology/)
- [Bacteriophage research](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/bacteriophage-research/)
- [Phage therapy development](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/phage-therapy-development/)
- [Microbial ecology and viruses](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/microbial-ecology-and-viruses/)
- [Novel phage interactions](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/novel-phage-interactions/)
- [Binomial naming in virus classification](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/binomial-naming-in-virus-classification/)
- [Genetic relationships in phage classification](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/genetic-relationships-in-phage-classification/)
- [Parasitic behavior of viruses](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/parasitic-behavior-of-viruses/)
- [Viral morphology](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/viral-morphology/)
- [Combined technical approaches in microbiology](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/combined-technical-approaches-in-microbiology/)
- [Phage Visualization Under Microscope](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/phage-visualization-under-microscope/)
- [biomolecular sensors](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/biomolecular-sensors/)
- [Phage-based Digital Biomolecular Sensor](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/phage-based-digital-biomolecular-sensor/)
- [Sensor for Breast Cancer](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/sensor-for-breast-cancer/)
- [Biomolecular Sensor for Breast Cancer](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/biomolecular-sensor-for-breast-cancer/)
- [pyroelectricity](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/pyroelectricity/)
- [bioengineered virus](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/bioengineered-virus/)
- [bioelectricity](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/bioelectricity/)
- [M13 phage](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/m13-phage/)
- [mitomycin c phage induction](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/mitomycin-c-phage-induction/)
- [prophage induction with Mitomycin C](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/prophage-induction-with-mitomycin-c/)
- [Transmission electron microscopy](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/transmission-electron-microscopy/)
- [TEM](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/tem/)
- [Dormant Bacteria](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/dormant-bacteria/)
- [persister](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/persister/)
- [Viruses Aliens](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/viruses-aliens/)
- [Extraterrestrial](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/extraterrestrial/)
- [Viral infenction](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/viral-infenction/)
- [Alzheimer’s disease](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/alzheimers-disease/)
- [brain](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/brain/)
- [synthetic biology](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/synthetic-biology/)
- [engeneered phages](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/engeneered-phages/)
- [M13](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/m13/)
- [horizontal gene transfer](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/horizontal-gene-transfer/)
- [DendriPep](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/dendripep/)
- [phage stability](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/phage-stability/)
- [HIV](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/hiv/)
- [Prince of Songkla University](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/prince-of-songkla-university/)
- [acinetobacter baumanii](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/acinetobacter-baumanii/)
- [hospital acquired infenctions](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/hospital-acquired-infenctions/)
- [Saccharibacteria](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/saccharibacteria/)
- [TM7x](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/tm7x/)
- [T4](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/t4/)
- [T7](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/t7/)
- ['Zombie' Cells](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/zombie-cells/)
- [biofilm](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/biofilm/)
- [ms2](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/ms2/)
- [ms2 phage](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/ms2-phage/)
- [ms2 bacteriophages](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/ms2-bacteriophages/)
- [Escherichia coli](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/escherichia-coli/)
- [Salmonella enterica](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/salmonella-enterica/)
- [Staphylococcus aureus](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/staphylococcus-aureus/)
- [European Union](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/european-union/)
- [Structural homology](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/structural-homology/)
- [Genomic tools](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/genomic-tools/)
- [Protein function prediction](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/protein-function-prediction/)
- [Bioinformatics](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/bioinformatics/)
- [bio-preservatives](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/bio-preservatives/)
- [fish storage](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/fish-storage/)
- [phage preservation](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/phage-preservation/)
- [food safety](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/food-safety/)
- [TaxMyPhage](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/taxmyphage/)
- [enveloped](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/enveloped/)
- [non-enveloped](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/non-enveloped/)
- [enveloped viruses](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/enveloped-viruses/)
- [non enveloped viruses](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/non-enveloped-viruses/)
- [enveloped phages](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/enveloped-phages/)
- [non enveloped phages](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/non-enveloped-phages/)
- [codon reassignment](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/codon-reassignment/)
- [Stop codon reassignment](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/stop-codon-reassignment/)
- [india](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/india/)
- [cell lysis](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/cell-lysis/)
- [Northwestern University](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/northwestern-university/)
- [ICTV](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/ictv/)
- [Nomenclature](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/nomenclature/)
- [marine](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/marine/)
- [Cyanobacteria](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/cyanobacteria/)
- [ai](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/ai/)
- [mirror bacteria](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/mirror-bacteria/)
- [Indigo Carmine](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/indigo-carmine/)
- [food dye](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/food-dye/)
- [dye](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/dye/)
- [lambda buffer](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/lambda-buffer/)
- [Honey bees](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/honey-bees/)
- [biotemplating](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/biotemplating/)
- [nanoparticles](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/nanoparticles/)
- [virome](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/virome/)
- [MDR](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/mdr/)
- [latent HIV](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/latent-hiv/)
- [phagebiotics](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/phagebiotics/)
- [Viromics](https://www.thephage.xyz/tag/viromics/)

## Protocol stages

- [Isolation](https://www.thephage.xyz/protocol-stage/isolation/)
- [Purification](https://www.thephage.xyz/protocol-stage/purification/)
- [Bulking](https://www.thephage.xyz/protocol-stage/bulking/)

## Protocol types

- [Wet bench](https://www.thephage.xyz/protocol-type/wet-bench/)

## Difficulty levels

- [Medium](https://www.thephage.xyz/protocol-difficulty/medium/)
- [Easy](https://www.thephage.xyz/protocol-difficulty/easy/)
- [PEG](https://www.thephage.xyz/protocol-difficulty/peg/)
- [Phage precipitation](https://www.thephage.xyz/protocol-difficulty/phage-precipitation/)
- [Phage purification](https://www.thephage.xyz/protocol-difficulty/phage-purification/)

## News Categories

- [Phage therapy](https://www.thephage.xyz/news-category/phage-therapy/)
- [Biotech companies](https://www.thephage.xyz/news-category/biotech-companies/)
- [Funding](https://www.thephage.xyz/news-category/funding/)